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Physicians are on the front lines of the health battle, trying to keep America healthy, but the number of general practice (GP) physicians is on the decline. There is a critical need in the U.S. for GPs, and convincing more medical students to go into family practice will be a vital part of healthcare reform efforts.

Working as a general practice physician has been named one of the best jobs in America by Money Magazine. A GP is paid well and is able to develop a life-long relationship with his or her patients. They typically treat an entire family and are trained to handle a wide variety of ailments and diseases. It is often mentioned as one of the most satisfying of all physician careers.

To qualify to become a general practice physician, you must:

• complete a four-year pre-med college program
• attend a four-year medical school
• complete a 3-4 year medical residency program
• pass the medical boards for certification
• attend continuing education classes throughout your career

Anyone entering the field should understand that becoming a general practice physician can be a very challenging process. The course work can be extremely difficult, and the residency period is often long and grueling. Expect to be on call at all hours of the day and night.

The role of the general practitioner is more important now than ever. Under healthcare reform, the GP is given the duty of coordinating preventive care. Everything from checking cholesterol levels to screening for colon cancer falls on the shoulders of the general practice physician. It is then up to the GP to go over the results with the patient and come up with a plan of action.

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Linus Pauling was a chemist, of Bio-chemistry and quantum chemistry, he wasn’t as famous as Albert Einstein but in the science world he was famous. Dr. Pauling had many achievements in life, he won 2 Nobel prizes, one for Chemistry and 1 for Peace. He was also into the effectiveness of Vitamin C, that is was the cure for a lot of known diseases, such as the common cold and cancer.

Dr. Pauling also founded the Linus Pauling Institute of Science and medicine in 1973, and Invented the Pauling Heart therapy, which was a method of helping your heart without the use of drugs. He was also one of the first American chemist to master the x-ray diffraction. He is also in the California hall of fame, where he was inducted in 2008. Not only was he a chemist he was an educator at various colleges, Author and Peace activist. Science was his life and wanted to make things in the science world a better place.

Not only was dr. Pauling a chemist but he was also an Author and peace activist. He also that that the world would be a better place if there was no war involved. He influences a lot of people in the science field, with his hard work and dedication to it, he set out to research, that vitamin c was the cure for anything that was ailing you. He also set an example to anyone one that if you workhad and have dedication that you can do anything you set out to do. He lived to be 93 yearsold, that has to say something about his life.

1.) Larenz Tate- Mr. Tate is a hollywood actor who has appeared in such films as Dead Presidents and Menace II Society. In 2007, Mr. Tate released videos associating Black History Month with sickle cell anemia in order to provide awareness to the black community. He continues to act in hollywood, most recently on the televisions series Justified and Rescue Me.

2.) Miles Davis- Mr. Davis is perhaps the greatest jazz musician who has ever lived. The amazing trumpet player learned of his affliction with sickle cell in 1961. Despite the nature of the disease to make the afflicted feel ill, he was able to record music until about the mid-1970′s as well as conduct various tours in support of albums,

3.) Prodigy- A rapper for the group Mobb Deep, Prodigy has openly rapped about the disease since the earliest Mobb Deep records. He provides awareness of sickle cell not only in his records, but also by going into the community and raising awareness of the disease.

1.) More diagnosis are happening-It is the contention of some that there really aren’t all that many more cases of autism now than there was 20 years ago, it’s just that doctors are diagnosing it more now. While there is certainly an increased awareness of autism now, it is difficult for many to believe that there isn’t more to the problem.

2.) Genetic combinations- A popular theory regarding autism is that it’s the combination of genes in two parents that produce an autistic child. Indeed, while one person could procreate with someone and produce a child natural in every way, it could be possible for that same person to procreate with someone else and the combination of genes in those two people results in autistic children.

3.) Vaccinations- The early rap on autism was that it was coming from immunization shots they received as babies. Themerosal for instance received considerable blame for contributing to autism numbers. Many people now believe this is an unfounded claim and it’s rare now for the vaccinations to be blamed for autism rates.

1.) yahoo finance- Yahoo provides a great source for making your own investment decisions. In addition to providing key information on company financials, you are also able to look up historical prices over the history of a stocks life span. Also, yahoo provides a charting mechanism so that you can view stock prices by chart over the last 1, 3, or 5 year periods.

2.) footnoted.org- This is a wonderful site which will alert you to any noferous activity at a comoany you invest in. Often times a company will try and be sneaky when they don’t want the public and shareholder to know what they are up to. An example would be when a board’s compensation committee choose to grant stock options to an executive after they have already filed their proxy statements. By providing this information in a supplemental filing, it looks to shareholders like the company has something to hide.

Getting ahold of your own investing by doing your research will be great in the long run. It leaves you responsible for your own investments.

1.) Ticketmaster- Unfortunately, this company i still getting the majority of tickets to the majority of concerts out there so you best learn their system if you want good seats at an affordable price. Most concerts will go on sale at 10am and often on a Saturday morning. What you’ll want to do is settle in at your computer a few minutes before ticket go on sale. Have all your account information set up so you don’t waste valuable time filling it in after you claim your tickets. If you aren’t able to complete these forms in time then the tickets you claimed are returned to the general public. Refresh your page right as the tickets go on sale and once inside the ticket area, make you you are choosing the right pair before committing.

2.) eBay- eBay is a fair second choice if you missed out with Ticketmaster. However, do not pay $399 for some buy it now auction. The tickets are most likely overpriced. Instead, look for no reserve auctions where you can grab tickets for a reasonable price.

It’s easy to overpay for tickets if you know what you’re doing. Follow this tips for successful ticket buying.

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Different vitamins are essential in preventing debilitating body conditions. Vitamin K for instance can be very effective in the fight against osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a scary condition and usually effects older people. Indeed, there are no symptoms when the disease first starts. Over time however, bone tissue things out and there is a decrease in bone density. This result in bones that are easy to break and very slow to heal. It is also a painful disease to have as your bones will actually start hurting just from walking or getting out of bed in the morning. The best thing to do is to avoid the disease altogether with a steady diet of vitamin K. So where is vitamin K found?

1.) Leafy Green Vegetables- Sure, they aren’t everyone’s favorite, but leafy green vegetables will help supply you with th vitamin K you need. Cooking up some broccoli is a great way to get some vitamin K into your system. Raw leafy green vegetables are terrific as well. Indeed, if you hit the grocery store for some raw spinach or lettuce then you will be getting yourself a sufficient doe of vitamin K.

2.) Eggs- Egg yolks in particular supply a good deal of vitamin K for your system and is one of the few alternative sources to the green vegetables. If you tend to skip your vegetables, make sure to work in some eggs or even liver to make sure you are not deficient in the vitamin.

Vitamin K is not naturally produced by the body and the foods they reside in may not appeal to everyone. If you don’t see yourself eating any of the aforementioned foods, then make sure you’re buying youself a suitable supplement.

1.) Dairy Products- Milk and cheese are an excellent source of the vitamin.

2.) Vegetables- Make sure you are consuming fresh vegetables or at least frozen vegetables. Canned vegetables do no retain the same amount of vitamins than do their fresh or frozen counterparts. Sweet potatoes provide a great source of vitamin A but be sure to eat the peeling as well. Some vegetables that can be cooked to provide a good source of vitamin A include carrots, collard greens, spinach, and winter squash. Raw carrots will supply a sufficient amount of vitamin A as well.

If you’re not a dairy or vegetable person, egg yolk also provides a good amount of vitamin A for your body. While meat isn’t source, liver is the one exception. You can also visit your local pharmacy and pick one a once daily vitamin supplement. it will provide you with the daily source of vitamin A that you require as well as a number of other vitamins your body longs for. Ignoring the importance of vitamins in favor of fast or processed foods is not recommended.

1.) Adverse health effects- A lack of vitamin D could have a very negative effect on your body. Tooth decay is a very common result of not having enough vitamin D in your system. Likewise, failure to get vitamin D in your blood stream may weaken your muscles making it difficult to lift objects. Soreness in your muscles is also a consequence of a lack of vitamin D. Several decades ago, rickets was the direct cause of no vitamin D and sunlight exposure but it is exceptionally rare now for anyone do get the condition.

2.) Where can you find vitamin D- Mens or women’s once a day vitamin combinations will surely provide you with all you need. Some of the most common food sources of vitamin D include milk and eggs. Milk is specially fortified with vitamin D nowadays so if you drink milk or enjoy cereal, chances are you are getting a sufficient amount of vitamin D in your system. Vitamin D can also be found in a variety of fish including tuna fish and mackerel.

The recommended dosage of the vitamin is somewhere around 5-15 micrograms. The potential negative effect of vitamin D are too drastic to ignore. Check the foods mentioned here that you consume for their vitamin D content and make sure to adjust your eating habits accordingly to make that minimum dose.

1.) Where to find Vitamin B- In addition to daily supplements which can provide you with a healthy dose of vitamin B, it can also be found in a variety of foods. In order to get your vitamin B fill be sure to eat plenty of eggs and green vegetables. These foods are rich in thiamine, a key component of vitamin B. Also, vitamin B can be found in nuts and berries as well as cereals containing wheat.

2.) What happens if you don’t get enough vitamin B?- Unfortunately there can be consequences to being vitamin B deprived. For instance, the effect it can have on your skin is decreased resistance to the sun, leaving you open to getting sunburned or even worse, developing skin cancer. It can also have quite a damaging effect on your stomach by causing indigestion, diarrhea, as well as general stomach irritability. The absence of B12 in particular can have quite a damaging effect. Indeed, a lack of this important vitamin B element include disruption of your nervous system as well as an inability to produce the right amount of red blood cells.

Many of our favorite foods will keep you rich in vitamin B. be sure to stock up on lean meats, as well as standard health fare milk and eggs. Generally, a diet rich in red meats, fast foods and other complex carbohydrates leave you running the risk of poor health. As a quick fix, consider taking a daily vitamin supplement. They generally provide twice the amount of dosage required to meet your health needs.

In 1998, Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa engaged in a homerun chase for the ages. The giant sluggers chased each other all summer trading homer for homer. It seemed the entire country was swept up in the magic of the chase and it as partly responsibl for revitalizing baseball after a lockout had turned many fans away. However, the old saying if its too good to be true then it probably is held true in hindsight. Both players were accused of taking steroids and the entire race is held as somewhat of a farce.

Barry Bonds and Roger Clemens were the final nail in the coffin for MLB steroid use. Regarded as two of the greatest players in the history of the game, both men have been accused of taking steroids for at least a portion of their career. The allegations damaged the credibility of the game and each player is due to stand trial on perjury charges. The worst part for these players is it is very likely they played a majority of their hall of fame careers while not on steroids. However, their decision to conclude their careers with performance enhancing drugs has likely tarnished their legacies forever.

It is likely that none of these players will enter the hall of fame as a result of their steroid use and the bias against users by baseball writers.

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There are some vitamins that the body is capable of creating on its own. Vitamin C however is no such vitamin. In order to get vitamin C you need to consume it. Vitamin C is essential for your body and a lack of it could cause your teeth to fall out if Scurvy results. The effects of a lack of vitamin C far outweigh the results of taking too much. If you take too much, it will likely come through in your urine but too little could result in easy bruising for your body as well as other effects.

Where to find vitamin C? The mot common source of vitamin C for most people is in oranges and orange juice. In fact, there are many vegetables and fruits that can be consumed for a boost in the vitamin. Great sources of vitamin C include cauliflower, broccoli and red peppers. You’ll want to make sure to eat these vegetables raw so as not to lose any essential vitamins. Lemons, grapefruit, and kiwi are also a terrific source of vitamin C.

What are the benefits of vitamin C? For anyone who has had a vicious cold, you no doubt wish you had taken a heavy dose of vitamin c before you contracted the cold. Indeed, numerous vitamin C products are purchased every day so that people can prevent the onset of a cold and get their defenses up to maximum potential. Vitamin C also has a very positive effect on your body’s cholesterol level. In addition, you will be strengthening your heart by regularly taking vitamin C and also have a positive impact in preventing heart problems.

Vitamin C is simple to find and you are likely getting your share if you take your recommended doses of fruits and vegetables everyday. If you’re not a fruit or vegetable eater, then you better get yourself some one a day vitamins where you should get all the vitamin C you need.

Walter White- Walter White is a chemistry teacher who find out he’s been stricken with terminal lung disease. This comes as quite a shock to Walter as he is a non smoker and is not exposed to an environment rich in asbestos. While resigning himself to his own death, he comes up with a plan to make money for his family so that he does not leave them in a pool of debt. Indeed, Walter White decides to use his expertise in chemistry to manufacture crystal meth.

Jesse Pinkman- Jesse is a former student of Mr. White and a drug dealer. We are first introduced to his character during a dug bust and shortly thereafter is recruited by Mr. White to help him sell his product. Jesse is more wise than Walter in how to sell the drugs and who to sell them too and the pair quickly become partners in the drug trade. Jesse struggles with his own crystal meth. addiction and his battle to stay sober is a recurring theme throughout the show.

The true beauty of the show is in the chemistry between these two characters. They are very different, but develop a close kinship that keeps audiences rooting for them despite the fact they are peddling harmful drugs. Breaking Bad enters its fourth season on AMC starting in the summer of 2011.

1.) Stay ahead of the class- Most of your classmates will procrastinate when it comes to a class like chemistry. They don’t neccesarily want to be in the class or study for a test so they will put it off. Do not let this be you. The vest way to be successful in chemistry is to learn as you go. Even if it isn’t fun, review your days lesson in the evening or ask your teacher if there is something you don’t understand. It’s generally those who save it all for a cram session that end up doing poorly on exams.

2.) Seek alternate forms of the same information- It’s no secret that the text of a chemistry book can be very dry and bland. Indeed, you might read the same thing four or five times and still have no idea what you read. The best thing to do in this case is to read about the same topic over a couple of different sources. It is often a simple rephrasing of a term or sentence that allows people to grasp material they previously could not.

1.) Vitamin C 150% daily value- Vitamin C is a vital component to your immune system as well as an antioxidant. Fruits and vegetables like oranges and lemons are very high in vitamin C but if those really aren’t your speed, you can swallow a one daily vitamin pill to get the job done.

2.) Vitamin E 150% daily value- Vitamin E will help protect your skin from the harmful rays of the sun as well as increasing your chances of resisting the effects of Alzheimer or prostate cancer. Vitamin E is found in sunflower seeds and vegetables like spinach and olives. If you aren’t likely to eat any of these, again a once daily pill will fill your quota of this vitamin.

3.) Vitamin B12 300% daily value- This is needed for basic body functioning and growth and you get three times your necessary daily allowance in a once a day pill. Vitamin B12 can be found in potatoes, egg yolks, almonds and other nuts.

• Tip 1 – When you are trying to get objects from over the height of your shoulder, make sure you’re using a ladder.  .
• Tip 2 – Don’t reach for objects unless you know for certain that you are going to be able to lift it.
• Tip 3 – Do not bend over something that you are going to lift.  Bend at the knee and squat down in front of the item so that you don’t lift with your back.
• Tip 4 –Lift the item slowly, using the muscles in your arms and your legs to lift it instead of using your back to pull it.
• Tip 5 – Keep the head up and staring straight ahead when you are lifting the item, as well as keeping the item as close to the body as you possibly can.

These are five tips that you can use in order to help avoid injuring your back when you are moving items and getting them down from shelves.  Remember these tips when you’re doing things like this and you’ll find that you’re able to do them without hurting your back and injuring yourself.  A lot of people would do a lot better if they would follow these tips when picking up and lifting items at home and at work instead of trying to do it the wrong way and regretting it later.

• Thickening or lump in or near a woman’s breast, in the area of the underarm, or in her neck.
• The breast’s shape or size changes.
• Nipple tenderness or discharge, or nipple inversion, which means it goes back into that breast.
• Pitting or ridges on the skin of the breast, similar to an orange’s skin
• The areola, nipple, or breast feels or looks different – it’s scaly, red, warm, or swollen.

It should be noted that the symptoms above are not completely indicative of breast cancer. There are other things that can cause these symptoms. But if you have any of the symptoms above you should go and see a doctor just to rule it out and to find out what is going on.

Self breast examinations are a great way to get to know your breasts and to find things that might signify a problem early on. Something else that is good for early detection is a mammogram, although that’s not done until a woman is older.

One of the things that you should know about breast cancer is that it is treatable and when it’s caught early enough it gives the person the best chance of completely recuperating.

A diagnosis of breast cancer is not a death sentence but finding it early is going to offer the best chance to the woman who has it for having a long life.  That is what makes self examination and mammograms so important.

• Vomiting and nausea
• Diarrhea
• Pain in the stomach
• If diarrhea or vomiting is severe, dehydration can occur
• Headache, visual disturbance, seizures, and dizziness
• Very little urine output
• Cramps
• Bloody vomit or bloody stools or both
• Chills, fever
• Muscle pains and aches
• Weakness

Some of the things that you can do to prevent getting food poisoning are:

• Stick to milk products which have been pasteurized
• Thoroughly wash hands prior to touching food
• Cook your food thoroughly
• Rinse the fresh vegetables and fruits prior to eating them or peel the skin or rind off
• Be very careful when you are preparing chicken
• Have separate boards for cooked and raw meats
• Have separate boards for your meat and vegetables
• Never make anything that requires a raw egg. Instead use products that are powdered egg instead of one of the fresh eggs.
• Don’t eat any food that’s been out of a fridge for over two hours or an hour in weather that’s very hot.

It’s easy to see how nasty food poisoning can be, but if you prevent it you may never have to experience it for yourself.  Just use good common sense when handling food and you will find that you are staying healthy and never have to deal with having food poisoning. It’s something that no one should have to deal with, but so many people are sloppy that it happens on a regular basis.

• Stay active each day. You should get at least a half  hour of activity each and every day.
• Go to your doctor for regular screenings and checkups to prevent cancer.  A good example is that PSA test to look for cancer of the prostate.
• Learn stroke and heart attack symptoms and if you have any of those symptoms, you should get some help quickly. There are some great new medicines that work well as long as they are given fast.
• Don’t smoke anything – cigarettes, cigars, or pipes.
• Drink only in moderation if you drink – your limit per day can’t be any more than two drinks.
• Make sure your diet is rich in vegetables, whole grains, and fruits.
• Get your levels of cholesterol checked on a regular basis. If the total amount is greater than 240, you are going to have a higher risk of stroke and heart attack.
• Laugh each and every day and look for the humor in your life.  You are going to live longer and have a happier life because of it.

These are some of the things that you should remember when it comes to being healthy and having a good life as a man.  When you use these tips, you’ll discover that life is good for you and everyone you love. The tips that are listed here are going to make a really big difference each and every day.

• Log Your Workouts – The first thing that you should do is to create a log to see how much you are exercising each week.
• Set Some Goals – The second thing that you should do is set some goals.  This is going to help you stay motivated and to perform well.
• Keep Hydrated – The third thing that you should do is make sure you’re drinking lots of water so that you are working at your very best.
• Be Equipped Well – The fourth thing that you should do is make sure you have the right equipment and clothing, since this is going to help you do the workout the right way. The clothing doesn’t have to be expensive but it should be comfortable.
• Plan the Workout – The fifth thing you have to do is to have a plan for the workout because otherwise you are going to waste a lot of time.
• Don’t Overdo It – The sixth thing that you should do is to make sure that you aren’t overdoing it.  It leads to injuries and staleness.
• Warm up Well – The seventh thing that you want to do is to make sure you’re getting all warmed up to avoid injuries.  You want to get your blood pumping.
• Stretch When Done – Finally, make sure you’re stretching when you are finished.  You will find that you are feeling better when your workout is over.

These are the things that you should remember when you are working out to make sure that you are doing your very best. Otherwise you are not going to be getting the results that you want from it.

• Education – The first thing that you should do is to incorporate education into socializing a person with Aspergers. Children who are young and have Aspergers may not be able to gasp the skills right away but they’ll learn the meanings of gestures eventually.
• Professional Help for Socializing – The second thing that you want to do is to work with a counselor and psychologist for teaching and improving the social skills. Some that have the higher autism form have the capacity to learn socialism.  The therapies will often teach patients with Aspergers to recognize situations that are potential problems. Additionally, the professionals can teach as well as practice the strategies with patients so they’re better able to handle the situations.
• Communication Using Pictures – The third thing that you should do is to use pictures to communicate.  For teaching the younger children socialization, incorporating picture stories into the child’s daily life is a important step for teaching things such as communicating feelings and sharing.
• Assist them With Making Friends – Finally, those who have Aspergers are going to work well with a parent aid. It’s a good idea to find someone at their school that the student will be able to work with.

These are four things that you should remember when you are working to socialize a student who has Aspergers.  They can be taught and they are very intelligent. It’s just can be hard sometimes knowing how to handle them. The tips above will give some help with that.

• Don’t take supplements for Vitamin A
• If you are taking a multivitamin, choose one that gets some or all of the Vitamin A in it from beta-carotene. If there aren’t any amounts listed, call the toll-free number and speak to the manufacturer to find out. The reason for this is that Vitamin A from retinol is more dangerous for older people because it breaks down some of their cells in their bones.
• Perform some weight bearing exercises on a regular basis to improve the density of bones.
• Each day, get 1,200 mg of the all important mineral calcium and 400 IU of the necessary Vitamin D.
• Eat a lot of vegetables and fruits that have beta carotene in them, such as yams, tomatoes, red peppers, oranges, pumpkin, spinach, carrots, cantaloupe, peaches, and apricots are all good for beta-carotene.

As you can see, there are five good things that you can do in order to help you have healthy bones now and for the rest of your life. As long as you keep these tips in mind you are going to have some healthy, strong bones and you are going to greatly reduce your chances of breaking a hip or something else if you fall. When you take care of your bones, you will find that they are taking good care of you as well, now and in the future.

• Vitamin A – This helps to keep skin, mucus membranes, and eyes moist. It also helps to prevent cellular and tissue damage through neutralizing the free radicals.
• Vitamin C – This helps in healing wounds, promoting an immune system that is strong, and helps to keep gums and teeth healthy.
• Vitamin D – This aids in the health of teeth and bone, supports the functions of muscles and nerves, and helps to prevent osteoporosis.
• Vitamin E- This is an antioxidant which helps in blood clotting and neutralizes damage to cells.
• Vitamin K – This is something that is needed for clotting the blood and also helps in bone repair and growth and function of kidneys.
• B Vitamins – These include all of the B vitamins play really big roles in cell production as well as maintenance, cardiovascular and nervous system function, and help in converting protein into necessary energy.

As you can see, there are a lot of different things that vitamins do for the body and why they are so important to someone being healthy. When you are getting a good balanced diet full of fruits and vegetables, sometimes you aren’t going to need a multivitamin. But if you don’t eat the right things and your body isn’t getting what it needs from the food you eat, a multivitamin is the thing that can put into your body what food isn’t giving you.  Vitamins all do something for your body and they are all necessary.  Make sure that your body is getting them, one way or another.

Mental Symptoms of Chronic Anxiety

• Constantly worrying
• Difficulty in trying to concentrate
• Feeling very tense
• Having trouble going to/staying asleep

Even though the mental symptoms are really difficult to deal with, the physical symptoms of chronic anxiety are hard to deal with as well, since they are often painful.

Physical Symptoms of Chronic Anxiety

• Headaches
• Fatigue
• Tensions in Muscles
• Trembling
• Aches in Muscles
• Nausea
• Dizziness
• Having trouble catching breath
• Diarrhea

There are also some long term effects from chronic anxiety as well. Some of the long term effects that people have found because of being chronically anxious are:

• Headaches
• Elevated blood pressure
• Heart disease risk
• Digestive problems like ulcers and others
• Higher stroke risk
• Higher cancer risk

In order to be diagnosed with chronic anxiety, you must see a counselor or a doctor. Medications and psychotherapy can help with managing the symptoms and help them to function once again. For those who suffer from it, there are some changes in lifestyle that you can make as well. Here are some of the things that can be done to help with chronic anxiety:

• Exercising daily
• Getting enough sleep
• Eating a diet that is well balanced
• Using techniques for relaxation such as yoga or meditation

If you think that you have chronic anxiety, get yourself to the doctor and see what can be done for you. The sooner that you get treated for it, the better your life is going to be. Chronic anxiety is a big problem but it is something that can be treated and managed.

• Stop smoking right away. Don’t take drugs and tobacco.  It’s hard to stop but it’s something that is really going to help your health.  You can stop it through diverting your mind to something else.
• Don’t drink alcohol. Instead drink juice or water.  It’s a good idea to drink at least 8 glassfuls of water each day to help in removing the toxins that are in your blood.
• Avoid the foods that are high in salt and fat.  You should look at the different things on the labels to see what are in the things that you are eating and evaluate what you are putting into your body. Salt will raise your blood pressure and fats can increase your risk for heart disease and other problems.
• Don’t eat a lot of calories and exercise to burn some of the calories that you are taking in. it’s a good idea to keep a journal of the things that you eat daily.  Figure out how many calories you’re taking in each day and then burn calories with exercise.
• Eat whole grain foods instead of those that are made just with white flour.  When you take in the whole grain food, you are going to find that you are feeling healthier and that you are not weighing as much.  There are some strong antioxidants in wheat especially for helping to prevent diabetes, colon cancer, and heart disease.

These are five good tips that you can use to make your body a lot healthier and to help you lose those stubborn extra pounds.  When you eat healthier and you get up to exercise each day, you’ll find there’s a huge difference in how you look and feel.

• Eat the Right Things – This is very important.  You need things like proteins and vitamins to avoid illness and to increase your metabolism.  Make sure that you’re eating plenty of good vegetables, fruits, and lean meats.
• Dress Well – You need to make sure that you’re dressing right.   Make sure that you’re layering your clothes so that if you need more warmth you can put the layers on, and if you get too warm you can remove the layers. A nice sweater or jacket is a good option.
• Don’t sleep with an open window.  This is going to cause you to be in a draft. Fifteen minutes prior to going to bed, open your window to get some fresh air.
• Open the windows in your house for fifteen minutes four times per day.  This is going to let the fresh air into your home and get the stale air out.
• Drink warm drinks, such as tea, coffee, hot chocolate or mulled wine.

There are some of the things that you can do during the fall to help you stay healthy during the fall and winter.  Fall is often a time when a lot of people get sick because they don’t know how to keep themselves healthy  when you follow the above tips during  the fall, you are going to find that you are having a better fall and that you are enjoying the season a lot more than you have in past years.

1. Recognition by the scientific community. The legacy Pauling himself would likely be most proud of is the inclusion on a list of the 20 greatest scientists, which the magazine New Scientist released. It’s interesting to note that the only other scientist from the 20th century was Albert Einstein. Also, renowned scientist Francis Crick in 1986 recognized Pauling as the “father of molecular biology.”

2. Education. When school children learn about chemistry, they don’t just learn about the periodic table of elements. They learn about the history of science. Naturally, Pauling’s work on chemical bonding, the alpha helix, and electronegativity would be included in their chemistry textbooks.

3. An Institute named after him. The Linus Pauling Institute researches disease and its molecular basis, examining the role of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients.

4. Geographical references. There is a Pauling Street in Foothill Ranch, California; a Linus Pauling Lecture Hall at Caltech University; a Linus Pauling Middle School in Corvallis, Oregon; and an airport called Pauling Field in Condon, Oregon (where Pauling spent his childhood years).

5. Postage. The United States Postal Service released stamps in 2008 commemorating Pauling, along with several other influential scientists.

6. Fame. Pauling was inducted into the California Hall of Fame in 2008.

7. Works of fiction. Pauling even appears in a novel called Visibility by Boris Starling.

While Pauling is remembered in these ways and more, his true legacy is science itself, which would not be the same without his work.

As a chemistry professor at Caltech University, Pauling spent much of his time doing research on crystals. He authored over 50 research papers during that time, the basis of which later morphed into five key rules regarding crystal formation. While crystal formation may seem unimportant in the scheme of science, Pauling’s Five Rules are important in the field because they laid a foundation for future scientists.

Here are Pauling’s Five Rules, in almost layman’s terms:

1. Using a mathematical formula outlined by Pauling, it is possible to determine the distance between the positively charged ion (cation) and the negatively charged ion (anion) in crystals.

2. As long as the electrostatic bonds of a ionic chemical bond (when all added together) equal the charge of that anion, then it will be a stable chemical structure.

3. In crystals, when two polyhedra share edges or faces (but interestingly, not corners), the stability of the crystal goes down.

4. When crystals have a number of different positively charged ions, then the ones with lots of chemical bonds and few neighbors will often appear as different polyhedron types (octahedron or tetrahedron, for example).

5. A crystal has only a handful of different elements; thus, repetition is common, which is why crystals look the way they do.

While scientists today have suggested updates or revisions to the Five Rules, they largely remain proven and are accepted by the scientific community. Linus Pauling’s painstaking crystal research put him far ahead of his time.

In 1949, a research article was published in Science magazine. Dozens of papers are published every month, so the publication in itself is no big deal. What made this one paper special was that it announced a groundbreaking discovery: Sickle Cell Anemia is caused by a genetic protein deficiency.

A group of four scientists contributed to the research that backed this paper; notably, the renowned chemist and peace activist Linus Pauling was one of these scientists. It’s no wonder he is the only person ever to have received a Nobel Peace Prize in two different fields. Pauling was all over the place!

First, a short primer on Sickle Cell Anemia: it’s a genetic type of anemia (iron deficiency) characterized by sickle-shaped red blood cells, hence the name “Sickle Cell” Anemia.

At the time of the discovery that Pauling and his colleagues made, this research was the first time anybody had proven that Sickle Cell Anemia could be caused by proteins with abnormalities.

The group made this discovery by examining the red blood cells of people with Sickle Cell Anemia, as well as people without the disease. They saw that those with the disease had both the normal form of hemoglobin and a strange form of hemoglobin.

Prior to this discovery, those in the medical field had identified Sickle Cell Anemia as a disease, but they had no solid explanation for what exactly caused the red blood cells to form in the characteristic crescent shape.

This discovery is not only significant in the study of Sickle Cell Anemia, but in the field of genetic disease. By isolating the protein that causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped, Pauling and his colleagues set the stage for the future study of genetic and hereditary disease, which is a huge field of study in today’s scientific landscape.

This institute is still active today, and it has grown into a large research center that is well respected by the scientific community. Not only is it valuable to the field of science, but the general public also reaps the benefits of their research.

The Pauling Institute is now located on the campus of Oregon State University (where Pauling attended during his undergraduate education). Pauling Institute scientists and researchers conduct timely studies that aim to solve today’s medical problems, such as examining the role of tea in cancer prevention or the impact of environmental stress on Lou Gehrig’s disease. In a twice-annual newsletter, the Pauling Institute outlines its accomplishments and features interviews with lead researchers. They also host free annual lectures on topics of interest to the public.

The Pauling Institute also provides medical information to the general public, such as a recent press release announcing that burns reduce Vitamin E levels in the body drastically, based on a study they completed on children who had been burned. Also, their web site has a free comprehensive database of all the micronutrients that are known to exist in food products.

In addition to conducting research, the Institute also supports the scientific community by offering a prize every other year to scientists and doctors who exemplify Pauling’s aim, which was to further the understanding of the effect of nutrition on health. The Institute also offers graduate fellowships to worthy science students.

1. Eat your fruits and veggies. Get at least five servings every day (potatoes are not considered a veggie for these purposes, so no cheating and counting french fries as a veggie serving!). But don’t limit yourself at five. The latest recommendations actually have nine servings as the optimal amount, but that’s hard to aim for if you don’t even get five servings daily. Baby steps.

2. Include omega-3 fatty acids in your diet. Easy ways to do this: flax seeds, walnuts, canola or flax seed oil.

3. When cooking with oil, don’t use saturated fats. Try to stick with olive oil, which is heart-friendly.

4. Avoid other saturated fats. This includes butter, full-fat dairy products, most meats, and shortening.

5. Reduce simple carbohydrates. This includes white flour, white rice, and potatoes. Replace with whole grain counterparts.

6. Reduce sugar intake. Common culprits are soda, cereals (Lucky Charms, anyone?), and obviously, candy.

7. Keep your weight healthy. If your BMI is over 25, you’re at a much higher risk of chronic diseases. Also, it’s been found that the more abdominal fat you have, the higher your risk of disease.

8. Exercise at least 30 minutes a day at moderate intensity. Incorporate weight training two days a week.

9. Quit smoking!

10. Drink alcohol. Actually, a small amount on a daily basis has been linked to reducing the risk of heart disease. However, this same amount has been linked to an increased risk of cancer. If your family doesn’t have a cancer history, keep your drinking down to one a day for women and two a day for men.

Take a multivitamin supplement daily. Pick one with a recommended daily allowance (RDA) of 100% of most minerals and vitamins.

Believe it or not, iron is not always necessary in your multivitamin, as it can interfere with the absorption of the other nutrients. The Institute recommends that all men go without iron, and postmenopausal women take multivitamins without it as well. For all others, iron should be taken separately from the multivitamin.

The Vitamin A content of your multivitamin should be, at most, 2,500 IU. However, if the Vitamin A comes in the form of beta carotene, the amount should be 5,000 IU at most. The reasoning behind this recommendation is that beta carotene is only absorbed 50% by the body.

When it comes to Vitamin C, the substance that Linus Pauling is famous for studying, the Institute recommends at least 400 mg per day. If you’re taking a multivitamin and eating at least five servings of fruits and veggies on a daily basis, you should be getting enough.

The body naturally produces Vitamin D from sunlight, but doctors recommend taking it in supplement form instead. 2,000 IU is a good amount of Vitamin D daily.

Vitamin E should be taken as an extra supplement. The best source is naturally occurring alpha tocopherol; always take this supplement with a meal.

Calcium is a tough one, because it’s impossible to get 100% of the daily value into a multivitamin. Most people do not get enough calcium in their diets alone. Add a calcium pill to your routine if your total intake isn’t at least 1,000 mg. Take with a meal.

For any pioneer in a scientific field, research all starts with a hypothesis. Pauling didn’t yet have research to back it up, but his hypothesis was that Vitamin C is necessary for the body to function properly; specifically, the immune system needs high levels Vitamin C to protect the body. He recommended 2,000 mg per day on the high end, but recognizing that would be tough in the 1970′s when he first made that recommendation, he said that at least 250 mg daily would be acceptable.

Pauling got the ball rolling. Now with several more decades of research to back their claims, the Institute recommends differing daily doses of Vitamin C depending on age, health condition, and gender. The Institute has a comprehensive chart showing the right amount of Vitamin C for all, from infant through old age. A healthy non-smoking adult female would take 75 mg per day, for example. But according to these researchers, 400 mg is still the optimum amount for all cells to be saturated in a healthy person.

That 400 mg daily dose is best for people whose immune systems are compromised or who are looking to fight specific diseases like coronary heart disease or diabetes.

While it may seem that the Linus Pauling Institute and Linus Pauling himself are at odds regarding Vitamin C, it’s really more of an evolution that has taken place. Surely Pauling would agree with the new recommendation by the Institute, because he based all his theories on hard science where it was available.

When was the last time you thought about your general well being? If you have a life that is well fused into the economic burst of our world, it is highly likely and understandable that you wade aside your conscience, each time your body and mind sparks you with an indication of something not being sound. You take refuge in the financial success and the societal glory of the moment. You could be drifting away from the self awareness of the functions of your body and mind and the practices of self monitoring principles, which you once found delight in.

The average health expenditure in a year, per person in the US, is roughly estimated to be about US $7,000. A good percentage of people become victims of critical illnesses, and the hospital costs involved can be astonishing. Another good portion of health expenditure can be attributed to general illnesses, which can be hospital in-patient treatments or via ordinary visits to the clinic. Doctors in major cities worldwide, attribute this phenomenon to life style. Stressful demands on the individual from society, employer and the family members, can shift him onto a position, where he learns to resist and cope with stress and yet continue that way. What many people do not realize is that the human body is delicate and has evolved out of frail conditions from past centuries.

While indulging in richer things of life is essential, formulating your routine diet to be healthy and body friendly can go a long way. Much information on food ingredients are freely available to be viewed online. While one must hope to stay away from preventive medications, maneuvering medications to supplement health is acceptable and fine. There are options for just about any unhealthy indulgences you can think of. For example, electronic cigarette cartridges are an effective way to avoid ill effects of tobacco carcinogens.

A mild deficiency won’t cause any serious illnesses on its own, but it can affect your immune system. A person who gets more than enough Vitamin C will generally have a stronger immune system than somebody who only gets the bare minimum required to function.

Fortunately, we only need about 10 mg a day to avoid serious issues, and almost anybody in the western world gets at least that amount through the various fortified foods available on the market.

It wasn’t always so easy to get enough Vitamin C, though. One consequence of complete Vitamin C deficiency is well-known for its historical impact: scurvy. This is a disease that can be deadly if not treated; fortunately, it is completely reversible.

For centuries, scurvy was a common problem on long sea trips when fresh fruit was scarce; sailors eventually figured out that a quick remedy was to eat an orange or a lemon. The scurvy would disappear shortly thereafter. Of course, these men had no idea what exact substance healed the scurvy; they just knew that citrus fruit seemed to be a miracle cure. It was the Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) that reversed the scurvy.

Indeed, Vitamin C is still a miracle cure today, responsible for keeping the immune system in tip-top shape. Luckily scurvy isn’t a common problem anymore, but in a different way, Vitamin C still has the reputation of miracle drug.

The study will follow children from 105 locations and will evaluate the effect of environment and genetics on children’s health. Over the next five years, the funding will provide $13.5 million for the local study, which will take place at the Anschutz Medical campus. Dana Dabelea, with the Colorado School of Public Health, will act as the lead investigator for the study. She reported this will be the first study of its kind.

What is unique about the study is that it will consider a variety of environmental factors, such as the diets for children, the quality of air and water, and the care they receive from caregivers. In other words, the study will evaluate the effect of biochemical and social environments on health.

The study will begin recruiting for women in the Douglas County area of Colorado who are or may become pregnant in the next few years. The Battelle Memorial Institute will be helping the study recruit volunteers. In the first stage, participants will spend time answering questions to help researchers get a baseline for the study. The questions will seek information on the home environment women have or plan to have for their babies.

To help track the home environment, the participants may need to bring samples of things from home, such as dust or tap water samples. Researchers may also take samples of blood and urine from participants. While the study will last 25 years, the team expects to begin using the information within the first five years of the project.

Folic acid, also known as folate, is one of the “B” vitamins. It’s important for your overall health, but it can also help to prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease. Most notable, however, is the role of folic acid in pregnancy.

Before the 20th century, birth defects like spina bifida, anencephaly, and other neural tube defects were considered a sad and unstoppable part of life. However, in the late 20th century, scientists and researchers began to realize that these diseases were preventable. They hypothesized and later proved that neural tube defects were caused by a deficiency of folic acid in the pregnant mother’s diet.

Folic acid is easy to get if you eat the right foods (orange juice is a popular source, for example), but low-income women often have trouble getting quality, fresh, healthy foods or vitamin supplements. Realizing that it’s impossible to get every pregnant woman to eat an orange or take her prenatal vitamins on a daily basis, the government mandated that certain flour products be fortified with folic acid.

This fortification program started in 1998. Interestingly, over the next few years, the United States saw a sharp decline in spina bifida and related birth defects, proving that folic acid is indeed a necessity for healthy pregnancy. Not only is it necessary for healthy pregnancy, but research also suggest that folic acid is necessary for several months before conception even occurs. That way, the body builds up adequate stores to meet the demands of pregnancy.

It may be a subtle vitamin, but folic acid is a powerful compound that sets the stage for human life.

I know that it’s the holiday season and most people would prefer to think about what types of gifts to buy their loved ones, but it is important to remember that the world’s biggest issues don’t disappear just because we want to focus on having a good time. I recently learned that there are about 2.1 million children in the world with HIV. Most of them get the disease directly from their mothers, either during labor, delivery, pregnancy or even breastfeeding.

The problem is most pressing in East Africa, where the first cases of pediatric HIV were discovered. The thing that disturbs me most about the high number children with HIV is how easy it is for people to avoid the disease all together. Unfortunately, a lot of people still don’t understand what this disease is or how it is spread.

For instance, some men in East Africa believe that they can cure themselves of HIV by having intercourse with a virgin. That’s an astoundingly destructive belief with no basis in reality. The result of such damaging beliefs, though, is that more and more young women in Africa get HIV, which they then pass on to their children.

Good HIV education needs to focus on some serious topics that should concern all of us. First off, we have to stop listening to authority figures claiming that condoms are bad. Such a position puts innocent people in jeopardy every day. Second, we have to get rid of the ridiculous belief that only homosexual people get HIV. Right now, heterosexual black women are at the greatest risk of getting HIV, so stereotyping homosexuals is not going to do anything but put people in harm’s way.

(Oh, and for the record, I’d like some new Dereon jeans this year for Christmas. OK? Thanks!)

Nature’s source of Vitamin D is either food, or the sun. As infants don’t eat enough (if any) food to get sufficient Vitamin D, that leaves parents two choices: the sun or supplementation.

Natural sunlight causes the body to synthesize its own Vitamin D through a complex process in the skin. In past generations, many parents weren’t so cautious about their children being outside — skin cancer was unheard of (or at least unrecognized). A new attitude about avoiding all direct sunlight is probably why Vitamin D deficiency has become more of a problem in today’s breastfed infants.

Most pediatricians will agree that sunlight does more harm than good, and is no match for a liquid Vitamin D supplement. Sunlight may be natural, but it comes with a host of risks. A supplement is easy, inexpensive, and effective.

As Vitamin D goes hand in hand with calcium, a deficiency of Vitamin D means that the body won’t readily absorb calcium; for a growing baby, this delays growth, and given enough time without sufficient Vitamin D, even a disease like rickets can develop.

Most formulas contain at least 400 IU, which is the recommended daily value for babies, in a days’ supply; if you choose to breastfeed, you should give your baby a liquid Vitamin D supplement daily. Purchase a supplement intended for babies, so that measuring the exact amount is simple.

A new report from research teams conducting a clinical trial for the drug crizotinib has shown that the drug may shrink lung tumors. The team issued this report, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, after finding that crizotinib reduced tumor sizes in over half of the patients who developed the tumors in conjunction with the ALK gene. Overall, the drug was able to reduce tumor size in about 33 percent of the entire group, regardless of the gene.

The phase one trail pulled together researchers from various institutional research facilities and may help the FDA determine whether to approve crizotinib for use in the treatment of lung tumors. As part of the study, the team also had to determine the maximum amount of the drug that is safe for patients to take.

According to the last few years of research for cancer, most doctors now know that certain genetic abnormalities contribute to the development of the disease. Because of this knowledge and the initial parameters of the trial, the research team was able to add patients to it that have cancer specifically related to the ALK gene. That means more research will need to determine whether the drug will work as effectively on cancers caused by other gene abnormalities.

Even if crizotinib only proves effective for the ALK gene, it is still a major success for cancer research. This particular gene may cause between 2 and 7 percent of the cases where cancer develops into non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is the number one cause of death related to cancer in the U.S.

As the clinical trial continues, doctors will learn more about the effectiveness of crizotinib, but for now things look promising. Over 60 of the participants are still taking the medication. If the FDA does approve the drug, Pfizer will begin producing more of it. As the manufacturer, Pfizer helped fund the study.

After moving several times when he was young, Pauling went to elementary and high school in Oregon and began attending the Oregon State College in 1917. There, he received his Bachelors of Science in chemical engineering in 1922. In 1925 he received his Ph.D. in chemistry with minors in mathematics and physics.

He spent his life studying atoms and molecules. He studied the works of several physicists and became interested in quantum mechanics. In 1926 he traveled to Europe in order to gain more knowledge of physics. There, he spent two years devoting his life to how quantum mechanics relates to atoms and molecules.

Pauling also had a hand in molecular medicine and medical research. In November of 1949 he, along with three others, published and article in the journal “Science”. This article gave proof of human diseases caused by an abnormal protein. Sickle cell anemia became the first disease to be recognized at the molecular level. He went on to publish more articles in the journal “Science”, and then began studying vitamin C. He experimented on himself by taking three grams of vitamin C per day, and was excited by his results.

It was in 1923 when he married Ava Helen Miller. Together they had four children, Linus Carl Jr., Peter Jeffress, Linda Helen, and Edward Crellin. They also had thirteen grandchildren.

Pauling died at the age of 93 on August 19, 1994. The cause of death was prostate cancer. A grave is marked for him in Oswego Pioneer Cemetery in Lake Oswego, Oregon.

Researchers with the Eindhoven University of Technology have found a way to mimic the formation process of bone—in other words, they may have a way to grow bone. The team will be publishing a paper in December 2010 in Nature Materials that will explain more about the research process.

When bone develops in the body, it is the formation of calcium phosphate growing inside collagen. The collagen fibers control the process and direct bone, while biomolecules play a different role in development. By studying this process using tools, such as an electron microscope, the team has been able to learn more about the process and develop its own method to recreate it. The electron microscope has a high enough resolution to see individual atoms.

While the research from this team, led by Dr. Nico Sommerdijk, is able to mimic the body’s process, the team itself will not be following the project into production. It passed that torch onto an Italian-based research institution, which is already using the process to begin creating bone implants. Sommerdijk team’s will continue to pursue its current course of research and expand it to determine whether they can make other kinds of materials using the same process.

There’s no doubt the process is a bit more complicated than drinking a magical portion, but for many, bone implants could be its form of magic, courtesy of science and research teams like Sommerdijk’s.

Pauling worked in the fields of quantum chemistry and molecular biology where he became one of the first chemists to study in those fields. He was also one of four people to win multiple Nobel Prizes, one of two people awarded two Nobel Prizes in separate fields, and the only person awarded two unshared prizes.

Pauling began studying quantum mechanics while attending Oregon Stat University. He later traveled to Europe to study under the German physicist, Arnold Sommerfeld, Australian physicist, Erwin Schrodinger, and Danish physicist, Niel Bohr. Pauling was interested in how quantum mechanics applied to electronic structure of atoms and molecules, which was his area of study. Pauling devoted his two year European trip to his work and made it the focus of his research.

Pauling took the position of an assistant professor at Caltech in theoretical chemistry in 1927. He spent his time there studying quantum mechanics and how that relates to atoms and molecules. He published close to 50 papers in the five years he spent there and created five rules, which we know as Pauling’s rules. By 1930 he became a professor.

Pauling spent a part of his life learning about medicine. He published several articles in the journal “Science”, which helped explain diseases caused by abnormal proteins. He also studied how vitamin C can prevent colds. In his study, he took three grams of vitamin C every day and the experiment produced positive results.

It is said that he is one of the greatest chemists the world has ever seen. His multiple awards and fame in chemistry prove that to be true.

And, of course, this has led many to begin indulging in daily doses of Vitamin C. It is ingested through capsules, powders and easy liquids. It is offered repeated tastings throughout the morning and night. It is even used as supplement for prescription medications – thought to offer far more rewards and far fewer effects.

It must be noted, however, that Vitamin C does contain specific complications when taken in excess. Though many consider this to be a harmless addiction – unworthy of the intervention of organizations like MichaelsHouse.com – it can still provide a multitude of concerns.

One: frequent bowel movements. Diarrhea is among the most common of problems associated with too large doses. Individuals can suffer from extreme discomfort and heighten their chances for dehydration.

Two: Dyspepsia. Abdominal pain can be experienced due to Vitamin C, especially when users refuse to eat. Relying purely on this to sustain a body will cause intense cramping, bloating and nausea.

Three: kidney stones. Due to Vitamin C’s tendency to create calcium deposits, an overdose can possibly stimulate an arrival of these within the kidneys. If left untreated, this can potentially cause urinary tract complications or bladder infections.

While the concept of a vitamin addiction seems absurd, the truth is that it’s a simple thing – experienced by many. Individuals are recommended to therefore limit their dosages to once a day and to consult their doctors should any of the above problems occur.

Vitamin C is a worthy complement to all lives. It simply must be taken in moderation.

For years, many people have believed that the tannins in green tea might help prevent breast cancer; however, a Japanese study debunks this myth. According to Dr. Motoki Iwasaki, who works with the Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening’s Epidemiology and Prevention department, the study failed to prove any positive correlation between drinking green tea and reducing the possibility of developing breast cancer.

The team published its results in Breast Cancer Research in October 2010. The study took into consideration over 53,000 women and evaluated the amount of green tea they drank, as well as the type. Running from 1995 to 1998, the study collected research from the women at the beginning and the end of the experiment. The amount of tea consumed vary from individual to individual, but 27 percent consumed five or more cups of green tea daily, and 12 percent fell into the category of one cup or less a week. Some participants consumed more than 10 cups a day.

After 14 years, 350 women have developed breast cancer. According to Iwasaki, the study is useful because it gathered information prior to these women developing the condition. This prevents what researchers refer to as exposure recall bias.

While Iwasaki is confident of his research’s results, others point out that the study doesn’t eliminate the idea that green tea has benefits for everyone, including those who may develop breast cancer. One breast cancer doctor in New York City believes that green tea can still be beneficial. Dr. Stephanie Bernik believes it would be hard to say there are no benefits to drinking the tea based on one study. Bernik also pointed out that many women want to consider alternative medication treatments and may look at other ways because of the research.

The study may have problems because participants perhaps didn’t take enough green tea to act as a preventive. Before doctors sign off on green tea, they’ll want to see more research.

Most parents know about smallpox and chickenpox, but what is monkeypox? Monkeypox is an infectious virus that appeared in the late 1970s, after smallpox vaccinations began to reduce that virus. People can catch monkeypox by coming into contact with infected animals, including monkeys, rodents, and pets.

Originally, the disease occurred in Africa, but the first U.S. outbreak occurred in 2003. Many doctors believe African prairie dogs, intended for resale as pets, carried the disease to the U.S. An estimated 10 percent of patients with monkeypox will die due to complications from the virus.

While monkeypox is not something doctors want to see, they are aware that some benefit may come from studying patients infected with the virus. Monkeypox can cause lung damage by increasing proteins related to inflammation. It also decreases the proteins protecting lung tissue.

Because the virus actually ruins the structural integrity of the lungs, doctors may have a new path of treatments to try to halt the affects of the virus. The National Center for Research Resources and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease funded the study, which was comprised of biologists and virologists at Oregon Health & Science University and the Department of Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.

Monkeypox happens to cause similar complications in monkeys, which means doctors may be able to test new treatment options on monkeys with the condition. Through research, doctors and other health medicine professionals may be able to find new ways to fight outbreaks. One possible method may be using surfactants to lubricate the lungs, which may help the tissues maintain their integrity.

Researchers will also be able to do additional studies by using cell cultures collected during the study. With the newest data on monkeypox and a deeper understanding of the infectious virus and its effects on lungs, researchers can continue to work on solutions to a variety of health problems related to lung conditions.

Dr. Daniel Goldreich with McMaster University led the research team to specifically evaluate whether a person with a sensory disability would be able to process the tactile sense faster. One of the challenges to performing such a study is the brain’s ability to register sensations, such as touch or sight. The brain is capable of doing this within a fraction of a second in most individuals.

According to the study results, the team was able to confirm that the body will compensate for blindness with an increased sense of touch. To test this, the team studied 89 people with sight and 57 people with blindness of some type. The blind group had members of varying sight levels.

One of the areas for the study revolved around the concept of masking, which is where the body may miss or misunderstand a sensation when it comes back to back on another one. Participants were asked to detect a tap on their index finger and discern the intensity of the tap. If a longer tap immediately followed a small tap, the first sensation masked the second one more often in the individuals with sight than with the individuals who had vision impairment.

The people who performed the best throughout the study were the 22 participants who had complete vision loss since birth. Their tactile sense even surpassed those who had lost their eye sight later in life. As a result of the study, Goldreich’s team hypothesizes that multiple senses can delay the brain’s ability to process back-to-back sensations.

Many people refer to Linus Pauling as the Father of Vitamin C, and you would be hard pressed to find a person who spent more time dedicating research to the vitamin than he did. But there are some who disagree with Pauling on the power of vitamin C.

Most recently, a study examined whether vitamin C had the power to stop the common cold. It concluded that the vitamin did little to alter the onset or the duration of the cold. However, critics quickly pointed out that the study did not use the dosage recommended by Pauling.

In fact, many people often fail to use the dosage because they believe it exceeds the amount of the vitamin that the body can absorb, which means it passes unused from the body. Pauling recommend taking up to 10 grams of vitamin C on a daily basis, depending on which condition you were trying to treat. He believed 10 grams was sufficient to act as an anti-cancer agent.

In comparison, the FDA recommends a daily dosage of just 60 mg, and other say the body’s maximum amount of absorption occurs at 100 mg a day. In response to questions on the larger dose he recommended, Pauling offered evidence he collected over the years. By testing his urine over a 24-hour period, the physicist was able to measure the amount of vitamin C passing through his system.

At the higher dose of 10 grams a day, only 15 percent passed through the body, showing a much higher absorption than others think is possible. That, of course, doesn’t mean that everyone needs the full 10 grams each day. Pauling recommended 2 grams a day for adults in order to experience the best results.

For more information on Pauling’s research into vitamin C, consider buying a copy of his book “How to Live Longer and Feel Better.”

According to a report in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers, and Prevention, women with high levels of Q10 may double their risk of developing breast cancer. The coenzyme Q10, often sold as CoQ10, is an antioxidant. Health professionals believe it has many health benefits. Women who have breast cancer often have lower levels of CoQ10, which is one reason women may be adding the supplement to their diets. However, this may not be the case.

Weiwen Chai with the University of Hawaii in Honolulu led a team of researchers to investigate the connection between CoQ10 and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The study analyzed 160 women with breast cancer compared to 289 women without it. Factors for the study included age, ethnicity, the use of hormone replacement therapy, and the time of the studies, among other things.

As a result of the study, Chai reported that the serum levels for CoQ10 had a positive correlation with breast cancer, stating that the participants with the highest levels had over 100 percent more risk for developing the condition than those with reduced levels. But, the study may raise more questions than it answered. For starters, researchers will need to examine why women with lower levels also develop breast cancer.

Despite this latest study, many will need additional research before believing that women should not take a CoQ10 supplement. The Linus Pauling Institute still considers a daily CoQ10 dose of 1,200 mg as safe for all women to take. At this dosage, CoQ10 may help reduce certain conditions, such as Huntington’s disease, hypertension, Parkinson’s disease, and congestive heart failure.

Researchers will need to further studies to confirm or refute the connection between breast cancer and CoQ10. For many, the new studies will need to control additional elements, such as monitoring all the supplements taken by the participants, not just CoQ10.

In October 2010, the Quantum AetherDynamic Institute debuted two periodic tables based on research from David Thomson, a science author. The tables combine equations that quantify the nuclear and electron structures of atoms. You can find them under the names of the Pauling Spheron Periodic Table and the Vajra Periodic Table.

Thomson based his work on previous research, and he gives credit to Fernando Dufour for creating a 3D model of the electron periodic table. Thomson took this model and divided it into two structures to focus the table on an atom’s electron structure. When he did this, Thomson noticed the design was similar to the ancient Vajra symbol, which is part of the Buddhist tantra.

The Pauling Spheron Periodic Table credits Linus Pauling, who identified a spheron as early as 1970s. While people often mistake this term to mean spherical in shape, this is not how Pauling used it. Spheron refers to the idea that an atom’s nucleus may contain clusters. These clusters can occur when smaller elements nest inside larger ones. For example, uranium may have a cluster of helium inside its nucleus.

Clustering, or the spheron structure of an element, determines what a nucleus might release as it decays. In the case of uranium, the stable nucleus of the helium element would release as the outer shell of uranium decayed. The more closely certain elements bond, the more likely they are to cluster together. One can consider the bonding properties of oxygen and helium to understand this better.

Because Pauling’s idea varies radically from a traditional periodic table, Thomson created an updated model that takes into consideration the spheron of elements, which he calls spin geometry. The Pauling table also utilizes the “magic numbers” for each nucleus, as determined by Pauling.

The periodic tables are available in wall charts for teachers wanting to display them in classrooms.

The term orthomolecular medicine was defined by Pauling as “the preservation of good health and the treatment of disease by varying the concentrations in the human body of substances that are normally present in the body”. Pauling found with his research that the treatment of diseases and illnesses was more effective is the treatment included the substances that were already in the body. Instead of adding chemical substances to the body, Pauling believed that testing could be done to determine the substances that were lacking and treat them by raising the substances to a normal level.

Scientists today have worked hard to find treatments for individuals using Pauling’s research. Many scientists and doctors believe that there are some diseases and illnesses that cannot be cured by using orthomolecular medicine alone. However, they do believe that the survival rate of many terminal illnesses can be cured by using orthomolecular medicine along with medicine that helps fight the disease.

Doctors believe that a patient has a better chance of fighting a disease if the chemicals and substances present in the body are at a normal healthy level. If these chemicals can be stabilized by orthomolecular medicine, then the treatments that have been designed to fight terminal disease will be more effective.

Cancer is an awful disease that robs people of their longevity and positivity in life. For many years, scientists have tried to find a cure for the disease but have been unsuccessful. Many people have survived cancer understand the constant fear that the disease will take over their body, but they fought back.

There are millions of drugs on the market that doctors prescribe to keep cancer from growing and treatments such as chemotherapy and surgery to remove the cancer masses completely. Many cancer survivors have tried other natural remedies as well to help keep them healthy while trying to fight the cancer from growing.

Many years ago people believed that Vitamin C was the miracle drug to fight all illness, but as many have come to find out there are no miracle drugs. Our bodies are different from everyone else and what may work for one person might not be as effective for another person. To say that vitamin C will cure cancer is a myth, but there are some healing properties in vitamin C that doctors do not give credit.

Vitamin C has many positive affects on the body that they cannot be narrowed down to one. Vitamin C may not be able to cure cancer, but it is a vitamin that is proven to improve an individual’s immune system. Immune System stability is important to cancer patients because they are more susceptible to other illnesses because the cancer breaks down their ability to fight.

Another important property of vitamin C is that it helps stabilize moods. Vitamin C is a natural mood enhancer that helps people stay positive in times of crisis. Because your body feels better, your mood is better. When people are waging war against the cancer in their body a positive attitude is important.

It never fails. The common cold sneaks up on you each year and puts you in a fog for several days. The common cold can stop people in their tracks affecting the home and work life. You have been told the remedies for the common cold since you were young and each time you reach for the cough medicine and the tissues because nothing seemed to work. Combating the common cold with vitamin C has been a long-time remedy for the common cold, but does it work?

Many clinical studies have been done to determine if the remedy of vitamin C can actual cure a person of the common cold. These studies varied in analysis because the common cold has millions of different strains. Some of the common cold strains are worse than others, but the remedy of vitamin C combating the common cold are widely used still today.

Many old wives tales insist that taking the daily dose of vitamin C everyday with your vitamin regimen will help build your immune system to fight off the common cold. There are no clinical studies to prove these results, but many people have been using this remedy without fail for years without ever getting a cold. The effectiveness of vitamin C against the common cold is the quality of the vitamin and the frequency of use.

If you only take vitamin C when you are sick, then the vitamin can help alleviate the symptoms of the cold and help speed up the healing process, but if you take vitamin C everyday, you could reduce the risk of getting the common cold entirely. The common cold has been hard to treat because of the many strains out in the world, which is the main reason that over the counter cold medicine sometimes works and other times does not.

The opinion of Linus Pauling Jr. just may make a difference in the 4th District race, and it may clear up some misguided marketing for one of the candidate’s campaigns. According to Art Robinson’s campaign and website, the Republican candidate boasts an association with Linus Pauling senior, the Oregon-based, Nobel-prize winning chemist.

While the website doesn’t go into details about the association, Pauling Jr. believes the information is misleading. He decided to speak out—and give his support to Democratic candidate Peter DeFazio—at a press conference hosted by the DeFazio campaign.

During the press conference, Pauling Jr. provided information on the alleged association between Pauling Sr. and Robinson. In the 1970s, the two men worked together to co-found the Linus Pauling Institute for Science and Medicine. What Robinson does not reveal is that Pauling Sr. fired Robinson.

While full-disclosure rarely plays a role in politics, people like Pauling Jr. often set the record straight. Pauling Jr. didn’t stop there. He went on to say he didn’t believe Robinson’s views on climate change and energy are in the best interest for the state. As the son of the chemist, Pauling Jr. felt qualified to say his father would not have endorsed Robinson.

Despite the press conference, Robinson has his own take on events. He countered that Pauling Sr. did not fire him. Rather, Pauling Jr. instigated the separation between the two colleagues. Robinson believes the dispute between himself and Pauling Sr. would have resolved itself if not for that interference.

Still, a third source, the Oregon State University Library, documents a different side of the story. It chronicles the dispute between Pauling Sr. and Robinson and indicates Pauling Sr. asked Robinson to resign. Robinson pursued legal action, and he eventually won over a half million dollars in a settlement.

For now, the candidates will have to wait to see whether the dispute will have any sway with the upcoming election.

Take a look in your medicine cabinet. Aside from the pain relievers and cough suppressants, were there any other fascinating finds? It is said that one out of every three individuals take some sort of vitamins or supplement. Did you happen to find a bottle of those lingering in the midst? On average, people have at least three random bottles of vitamins around their house.

Many, take vitamins to make up for things they may be lacking in their diet. The claims are that vitamins make you feel more energetic and keep you healthier. They also seem to be used as a preventive measure to ensure a healthy mind and body.

Let’s just get to the question that’s on everyone’s mind. We stockpile them and consume them, but do they really work?

The answer is yes! But you have to make sure you are taking the right one. You must match your needs with the product.

Below is a list of vitamins you may take to help with a certain condition.

Depression, moods: B-vitamins, Omega-3s, Zinc
Energy levels: B-vitamins, iron
Healing Antioxidants: Zinc
Heart Health: Folic acid, B-vitamins, Omega-3s
Inflammation: Antioxidants, Omega-3s
Pregnancy: Calcium, magnesium, Folic acid, Iron, Omega-3s, Zinc
Premenstrual health: B-vitamins, Calcium
Stress: B-vitamins, calcium/magnesium, zinc

As with anything, you should always consult your physician before taking vitamins and supplements. You want to make sure that you are not interfering with any medication or medical condition you may have. Safety is always the first priority.

When you are ready to purchase your own supply of vitamins, taking a visit to your local health food store is always your best option. They have a wonderful variety and assortment of products. In addition, their wealth of knowledge is impeccable. The can teach you how to take specific vitamins, as well as understand which vitamins are easily absorbed into the body.

So, if you want to increase the effectiveness of your supplemental régime, take a closer look at your medicine cabinet, and then evaluate your life and needs. You just may be able to throw one of those extra bottles away.

You see them each time you go to the grocery store. There’s an entire isle dedicated children’s vitamins. From Flintstones to Animal Parade Shakes, how’s a parent suppose to make an educated decision?

The Fact is, if your child is eating a well balanced diet, there is no need to supplement with vitamins.

Vitamins and minerals are found in all of the foods that we eat. They help the body grow and develop properly. There are different vitamins found in different foods, so in order to get all the vitamins that are needed, offer your child an assortment of foods throughout the day.

Here’s a list of ideas to help feed even the pickiest of eaters.

Vitamin A: Eyesight (especially night vision) is directly related to the consumption of vitamin A. It also helps you to have healthy skin and grow properly. Foods that contain vitamin A are: orange fruits and vegetables (sweet potatoes, cantaloupe and carrots) dark green leafy vegetable (spinach and kale) and milk that’s been fortified with vitamin A.

Vitamin B: There are many types of B vitamins. These vitamins are responsible for making red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body. They also make energy and set it free at the time you need it most. Foods containing vitamin B are: beans and peas, whole grains, poultry and meats, dairy products and leafy green vegetables.

Vitamin C: This vitamin is essential because it helps your body heal. It’s also instrumental in helping your body fight off infection. Cabbage, kiwi fruit, citrus fruits, strawberries, broccoli, tomatoes, and cantaloupe are just some of the foods rich in vitamin C.

Vitamin D: Vitamin D is responsible for making your teeth and bones nice and strong. It also helps in the absorption of calcium. Look for milk and cereals fortified with vitamin D. Another source of Vitamin D can be found in fish, egg yolks, and liver.

Instead of supplementing your children diet with vitamins, look to the meals that you’re preparing and help them to make wise food choices. It’s a practice that will sustain them throughout their lives.

Many of us have heard the word autism, but the majority of us don’t have an understanding of what really it means. One explanation for this is that there are so many different ranges within the autistic spectrum. Some may have an impairment in their communication and social skills, where others may simply have a sensory issue.

Autism is a developmental disorder that affects each person differently. Autism mainly hinders a person’s ability to live or interact in the world around them. Autism is a disorder that affects over 1.5 million Americans. That breaks down to approximately 1 out of every 110 children.

No one knows for sure how autism is developed. There is no known single cause. Recent scientific studies have indicated a genetic basis, however genetics can’t account for all the cases. Scientists are looking into different triggers that may be responsible; some of which are allergies to certain foods, environmental chemicals, problems in pregnancy and birth, and childhood vaccinations. While there is not a lot of research to substantiate the claim of vaccinations, the discussion seems to get more intense every day.

There is not any certain cure for Autism. Professionals do agree however that earliest treatment is best. As the degree of autism varies in individuals, the treatments will vary as well. Traditional medicine has been used in certain cases of autism, however there are also natural treatments that have yielded just as many successful results. Some of these treatments include educational and therapeutic approaches, dietary intervention, herbal and homeopathic remedies.

In the educational and therapeutic approaches specialized occupational, music, and speech therapies are developed specifically for the individual.

In dietary intervention, certain vitamin and mineral supplements are introduced as part of the treatment. Studies have also shown that certain food intolerances increase autistic symptoms. Foods such as gluten, dairy products and gluten have been removed from the diets of autistic children with great success.

By combining different therapies, it seems the best results are achieved.

Lets face it; science can be a daunting subject for many individuals. Any random topic may be hard to understand or interpret. Even if you are otherwise brilliant in many other subjects, that does not make you a shoe-in for science.

So how can this subject become more satisfying to the masses? There are a few different avenues for students, to help unravel this conundrum.

One way is to request the help of a science tutor. A science tutor is a great way to help a student who is struggling or seems disenchanted with science as a whole. You may only need the assistance of a tutor part time or for a short while, to teach skills and give confidence, especially when conducting experiments on your own. Most of the time, a science tutor will be happy to assist for free. Who can argue with that?

Another way a student can acquire the help they need is to look online. With the invention of the Internet, came an entirely new world of wonder. There is so much information out there just waiting to be had. If there is a specific science question, just perform a simple search to find the answers that you need. Most of the time the problem will be too much information!

And how about this age old adage ask your teacher! So often, kids in today’s classrooms are intimidated or feel embarrassed by raising their hand and asking a simple question. The fact is, the teacher prepared the lesson plan; chances are they’ll know the answer to the question, and even explain it in a way that is understandable. Teachers are (or should be) experienced and educated in that specific field, and are usually more than happy to answer a question that is directed their way. Truthfully, they’d be pink as punch to realize that someone was actually paying attention in class.

By utilizing these three avenues, science in the classroom should be understandable for not just some, but all!

The word healthy can intimidate you even if you have a free prescription discount card. In addition to a proper healthcare plan, you can use several disease prevention methods. There are simple steps that you can take to be healthier and add this aspect into your family’s life. This can be a big adjustment at first, but it can also turn into a habit that will positively affect your health.

Find exercise that you enjoy. This could be a video game designed around keeping the players active. You can also go on walks or just use a trampoline. Exercise doesn’t have to be something that you dread. You can get the whole family into an exercise routine to promote good health.

Get all of the vitamins that you need. This is part of a balanced diet and can help prevent disease. Really examine the foods that you regularly eat to find out about the vitamins that you might be lacking. You can get a lot of these items by eating more fruits and vegetables or taking supplements.

Set goals to eliminate habits. This could be to stop smoking or lose weight. Really analyze what has stopped your success in the past and develop a plan to break through it. You can lose weight at a steady pace instead of trying to lose drastic amounts at once.

Change the way that you cook. Your kids might whine about this at first but you can still eat a lot of the foods that your family loves. Just substitute lower fat cheeses or use honey instead of sugar. Experiment with vegetable dishes beyond a basic salad to make meal time interesting. Get your kids to help with planning meals. You can even start a vegetable garden to teach your kids about eating healthy.

Science experiments are not only fun for adults, but it’s a great way to get kids involved and thinking about the world of science too. There’s an amazing amount of projects to choose from. Actually planning and participating in project is a great way for parents, teachers and students alike learn new things together; especially related to the realm of scientific research.

Science experiments can involve simple or complicated subjects; such as bending air or chemical reactions. They can involve from the youngest of preschoolers to the most educated of students the parent.

Let’s get started!

First is the volcano. This experiment is one of the oldest in the books. It teaches children what happens when a volcano erupts. By mixing baking soda with vinegar, the two chemicals will cause the volcano to shoot straight up in the air. It will bubble up and as steam forms, the gasses will explode and spew down the sides of the volcano that you built. It may be messy, but it’s a quick and easy project, and its fun!

Next up is a Coke Geyser. This one has been all over the Internet in recent years. If you haven’t seen it, your best bet is to look up on You Tube and watch the explosions all synchronized to music. Fascinating. Once you get the adrenaline flowing, you’ll want to take a crack at this yourself. What you’ll need is a two-liter bottle of Diet Coke and a package of peppermint Mentos. Clear a large area, preferably outside, and get ready to have a blast. Literally. Unscrew the bottle of Diet Coke and drop about four or five Mentos into the drink, and then run for cover. The soda will come shooting out of the mouth of the bottle upwards of three, four, or even five feet in the air. The eruption is caused by the release of carbon dioxide when it comes into contact with the candy.

So go. Play. And even learn. Science will open up another world for you, and you’ll even have fun doing it!

Physical science is a term that is used to explain the science of non-living systems, or non-biological fields. In terms that the average person may understand: it’s the study of rocks, stars, and gasses verses biology, which is the study of living things, such as; trees, plants, and animals.

Within the realm of physical science you have earth sciences, physics, and chemistry.

Here’s an overview that may help you discover where your true interests lie.

In Earth Science there are many different sciences used to study the earth, however there are four main categories most studies are broken into; Geology, the science of the earth, Meteorology, which is the science of the atmosphere, Oceanography, is the science of the earths oceans, and Astronomy is the science of the universe. So “Earth Science” could be the study of anything from meteorological concepts about the weather to geological principles about the earth.

Physics is the study of energy and matter and how they interact with each other. Some examples could be the energy that makes your cell phone work or the light switch you turn on in the morning. Physics is the movement of a car, the energy that powers your TV and your I-pod. Understanding physics often times converts into new technologies. Physics covers an enormous area of study. Because of this physics is broken into many specific fields of research. Biophysics, quantum physics, astronomy and electronics, just to name a few.

Chemistry would also be defined as the study of energy and matter. Chemistry focuses more on the properties of substances, whereas physics focuses more on the nuclear part of the atom. Chemistry helps you to understand the world around you. Simple, everyday things measure up to to the knowledge of chemistry. When you understand chemistry you’ll comprehend how baking soda works, or how ice is made. All things become exciting and more thought provoking. Chemistry is not only used and understood by people in medical professions, but also by plumbers, hairdressers, truck drivers and chefs. That’s because chemistry focuses on things you can taste, touch, and smell.

The night sky is so big and vast. Dark and daunting. Alive and inspiring.

When was the last time you snuggled yourself up in a favorite blanket and laid out on the grass while gazing up into the black abyss we know as our night sky? If this is a pastime you knew only as a youth, it’s time to channel your inner teen and return to those days of excitement and inhibitions.

If you were to look into the night sky, could you identify any of the constellations, or are the stars just a jumbo dot-to-dot looming overhead? Lucky for you there’s a science to it all. There are helps and guides for amateurs that make the science of astronomy fun and exciting for even the most novice admirer of the stars.

You start first with “The Big Dipper” The Big Dipper is not actually a constellation, but it is always visible in the night sky and helps you to locate many of the constellations surrounding it.

Here are some tips to help you in your star struck search.

1. Wear an eye patch while you’re getting ready and setting up equipment. This lets you have both eyes open, but keeps the eyes from getting fatigued, which ultimately allows you to see the stars clearer.

2. If you’ve purchased a new piece of equipment (i.e. telescope) set it up at home, prior to going out. That way you become familiar with how to use it, before you try and set it up in the dark.

3. Write a series of questions down before you start. This way, you have a purpose to your session. In addition to just “looking” at the stars, you have an opportunity to educate yourself and those around you.

4. Watch the weatherman! The atmosphere can alter the quality of actually seeing an image or object.

5. Go at your own pace. Some people like to ferociously scan the night sky while others like to look over things as to not miss any of the details. Whichever your style, do what feels most comfortable to you.

On October 22, 2010, researchers at the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University announced a link between vitamin E and serious burn injuries in children. The research team worked in conjunction with teams at the University of Texas Medical Branch and the Shriners Hospital for Children in Galveston, Texas.

The teams, led by Maret Traber with the Linus Pauling Institute, analyzed fat tissue taken from eight children with third-degree burns. The analysis specifically examined the levels of vitamin E in the tissue and tracked the level of depletion.

Patients in the study took vitamin E supplements to help counter depletion; however, increasing the daily recommended allowances for the vitamin to 150 percent failed to prevent depletion. By the end of the three-week study, the sample tissue showed a reduction in vitamin E levels of 50 percent. Along with supplements of vitamin E, the patients also ate a high-calorie diet.

The team reported its findings in the American Society for Nutrition and called the depleted levels of the vitamin a significant problem. One of the main causes for concern is the risk of nerve damage, which can occur as a result of sub-standard vitamin E levels and burns.

Left untreated, a vitamin E deficiency can also lead to neurological problems, including spinocerebellar ataxia and myopathies. Lower levels of the vitamin can also cause damage to the red blood cells and cause anemia. Normally, doctors use vitamin E supplements to treat a deficiency, but this was not enough to keep the levels within a normal range for patients in the study. Researchers will need to look for new ways to boost the vitamin E levels in children with burns.

The study was the first one to focus on children with burn injuries, and may help lead the way for additional research on the subject.

Who is Linus Pauling?

Linus Pauling was an educator, author, peace activist, but most important a chemist. Pauling is considered to be one of the most significant chemists of the 20th century. He was one of the first scientists to establish molecular biology and quantum chemistry. Pauling was one of four people to have won more than one Nobel Prizes and one of two individuals to win in different areas. He does not share either of his Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and one in Peace with anyone else.

As a child Pauling loved to read and decided to become a chemist after being introduced by his fried Lloyd Jeffress. Throughout his youth, Pauling conducted many chemistry experiments with equipment he found from abandoned steel plants. After Pauling dropped out of high school because the principal would not let him take his last two credits to graduate while he was taking course at the local university, his mother got him an interview with a Mr. Schwietzerhoff.

Schwietzerhoff was the owner of several manufacturing plants in Oregon and he hired Pauling as his apprentice. Pauling excelled as a machinist and got a raise a month after starting. In 1917 Pauling was accepted to Oregon State University and he told his mother and quit is job at the manufacturing plant. While in school Pauling focused on how the chemical and physical assets of substances were associated to the construction of atoms, thus inventing quantum chemistry.

After he graduate Pauling went on to study with many great chemists around the world finding solutions to making medication more digestible based on the chemical structure. Pauling is credited as being the founder of modern medicine because his research is the basis of the research done by scientists to find cures for disease like cancer, aids, and other viruses.

Have you ever asked a room full of kindergartners what the wanted to be when they grew up? Chances are you would get a myriad of different answers. One may shout out “a superhero,” where another may say “a princess.”

If you ask a group of children between the ages of eight to ten, the answers may vary a little from those of their younger comrades. Jackson (8) said “I want to be a rapper or something because it just seems fun.” Whereas Ellie (10) said “A doctor because they make lots of money and I like people. I want to be a children’s doctor that doesn’t give shots because I like children.”

If you move even a mere seven or eight years into the future, the answers of teenagers start becoming a bit more grounded and realistic, however you still have a boy or two who would like to fulfill their childhood fantasy of being Spiderman. When teenagers were asked what they were planning on studying in college, many had much more serious, thought provoking careers in mind. Brandon said “I want to study business, because I can choose from a lot of different jobs.” Another young man said he wanted to be a fighter pilot in the Air Force. There was a lot of talk about becoming educators, police officers, advertising executives, and journalists. There was even a buzz or two about doctors, pharmacists and biologists.

Now there’s a field that always shows promise, despite the economy. The field of science. It’s not often that someone shouts out they want to be a physicist. There are many career opportunities within the realm of science, ranging from pharmaceutical sales to financial services firms.

Some of the areas where science graduates commonly find employment include:

Exploration: Mining companies employ Science graduates to help them plan for future operations.

Laboratory Support: Scientific researchers work in laboratories in a range of areas, including health and development, forensics, museums, and sales.

Production: Manufacturers, in all forms of production employ scientists to work on quality assurance, processing and testing.

Since vitamins were invented, we have been told that we need to take them in order to supplement the nutrients that we do not get with our regular diet. The options of vitamins on the market today, it is difficult to know which one is best for you. Vitamins should not be used to supplement your entire diet. Nutrients are needed in order for your body and organs to function properly and vitamins cannot supplement that need.

With the Internet having information on all the vitamins we need in order to maintain our health, the question is not what kind of vitamins you need but consistency the supplement should be. For a long time the only type of supplement available on the market were pills. These pills could range from very small to the size of your fingertip. With the scientific and technological advancements of today, we are given the option of liquid vitamins too.

Some people have trouble with solid vitamins in pill form because their body does not digest the substance, but not all solid vitamins are the same. Whether or not the vitamin digests properly in the system depends on the grade in when they were made. Cheaper vitamins are harder for people to digest because the chemical compound used to bind the ingredients is typically rejected from the human body. In order to know whether or not the vitamin will be rejected from your body, use the water test.

To administer the water test, fill a glass with warm water and drop the vitamin in the glass. Check back on your experiment after 30 minutes to determine if the vitamin fully dissolved in the glass. If the vitamin did not fully dissolve in the glass than there is a possibility that the compound will be rejected by your body. Multivitamins are important for your health, especially if you do not get the required nutrients in daily food intake.

With the cold and flu season quickly approaching, thoughts of how to keep the little (and big) people in our lives healthy is a topic of discussion for many a mommy in the schoolyard. It seems as if modern antidotes have given way to more alternative types of medicines.

There are quite a few natural remedies believed to help treat the common cold. Vitamin C, Zinc, Echinacea, and Honey are just a few of the many.

Vitamin C: According to a study conducted and published by Linus Pauling “taking large amounts of vitamin C could reduce the duration and severity of the common cold.” There have been many debates as to whether or not increasing your intake of vitamin C really works, however Pauling’s research shows that vitamin C allows your body to fight off the viruses that attack the bloodstream.

Zinc: If you increase your zinc consumption, you just may be doing your body good. You can find zinc naturally in many foods such as meat, legumes, eggs and oats. Zinc is said to be successful in blocking the replication of the cold virus.

Echinacea: Echinacea is one of the most popular herbs used for the early treatment of colds and flu symptoms. It is said that echinacea stimulates the immune system to help fight infection.

Honey: Honey has been used in many cultures throughout the years. Recent studies conclude that honey soothes an irritated throat. Not that a study has to tell you that, but honey is also believed to have antibacterial and antioxidant effects.

The studies are out. The choice is yours. Will you treat the onslaught of soar throats and achy bodies with natural remedies, or is it back to the waiting room for you? The only test you may find yourself needing to pass, is that of patience.

Orthomolecular medicine. What a big word. A really, really big word!

In 1968, Linus Pauling published an article in Science entitled Orthomolecular Psychiatry. This article introduced the term Orthomolecular to the world.

What then you ask is orthomolecular?

In Greek, the word ortho means right or correct. So orthomolecular means the “right molecule. Orthomolecular medicine is the practice of treating disease with what is right naturally, for the body. Not only does orthomolecular medicine believe in treading disease, but it is also a proactive approach to preventing sickness and disease.

There is a simple guide to help you practice this big, intimidating word on a daily basis. Consuming and replacing the nutrients that your body needs is the practice of orthomolecular medicine. By familiarizing yourself with the items on the food pyramid, you’re one step closer to making the right choices for your body.

Did you know that based on a 2000 calorie diet per day, it is recommended the average person consumes at least 60 mg (milligrams) of vitamin C, 1000 mg of calcium, and 18 mg of iron? In doing so, you may reduce the stress put on your body and decrease the risk of catching something as simple as the common cold.

It helps to know what vitamins are contained in specific foods. That way, you can make a more educated decision about the foods you consume.

If you have a cold, you may want to increase the amount of vitamin C that you are taking. Linus Pauling conducted studies showing that taking large amounts of vitamin C could reduce the length of time you suffer from a cold. Some foods high in vitamin C include: bell peppers, parsley, strawberries, kale and cantaloupe.

Vitamin E, if taken in large doses has been known to reduce cardiovascular disease.
So if you were suffering from clogged arteries, it would be wise to eat more spinach, broccoli, mangos and tomatoes.

It’s amazing that by simply eating foods that are right for your body, you can increase your health and bodies performance. Simply put, you are practicing orthomolecular medicine.

Within the United States, many of Oregon State’s programs are ranked among the best. Conservation biology, forestry, wildlife and agricultural sciences come in at number one, whereas nuclear engineering, radiation health physics, and exercise and sport science round out the number eight spot.

Oregon State University is known for its dedication to the field of research. As Oregon State Alum, Linus Pauling was one of the world’s greatest scientists. Linus is known all over the world for his dedication to the scientific community. He is one of only two individuals to ever receive two different Nobel Prizes. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1954, and the Nobel Peach Prize in 1962. Oregon State is honored to house the Linus Pauling Institute. The Linus Pauling Institute conducts research in the fields of cancer, neurodegenerative disease, immune function, aging, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, to name a few.

In addition to research and the sciences, Oregon State is home to the ever-orange Beavers. The athletic program is renown among NCAA Division 1 schools and is currently competing in the Pac-10 Conference. Whether you’re an athlete or a fan, OSU has you covered.

As one of the safest cities in the U.S. OSU is honored to be a part of the Corvallis community. Known for it’s wide range of recreation, getting outside and staying active is easy. There are over 200 acres of beautiful parks, intricate bike paths and pristine hiking trails. Additionally, Corvallis is only 90 miles away from the Oregon Coast.

Whatever your likes, interests, hobbies, and studies may be, Oregon State welcomes you.

And with that realization comes the panic and pressure to purchase the most original, creative, and cost effective gimmicks on the market for our dear ones. This Christmas season, some of the top selling toys for children include an Art table, Leapster Game System, Metal Detector, Barrel of Crafts, Money Savvy Piggy Bank, Quirkle (a board game), and a good old-fashioned Science Kit.

The stand out here on this list is that of the Science Kit. Science kits can fit the age and interest level of all children. Whether boy or girl, you can get hands-on science experience with kits for rocks and minerals, nature exploration, crystal growing, microchemistry, and even perfume making.

A science kit is actually the gift that keeps on giving. Not only does your child get the excitement of opening the package that is so meticulously wrapped in ribbons and bows, but they also get to experience new excitement each time they create with their kit. Whether they watch the intricate life cycle of a butterfly in a Butterfly Garden kit, extract DNA from fruit with a ScienceWiz DNA kit, or explore the fascinating diversity of bacteria with a Bacteria Experiment Kit, children will want to interact with their science kit daily.

So go ahead, meet the bell ringers and ostentatious gift displays head on. Face Christmas and enjoy it. This year, give your children the gift of science. They’re sure to enjoy into the New Year, and so will you.

Take a moment if you will and indulge yourself. Close your eyes and think back to the time of childhood when you could walk into the nearest candy store and ogle at the walls draped in candy buttons. When everything in life was made better with one lick of a gigantic, multi-colored lollipop, and when a dime could actually buy you ten pieces of candy confection.

As you were gazing into glass of the candy counter, what was the first thing that came to your mind? Bliss. Euphoria. Happy-happy thoughts. Surely, it was not science! Can you imagine? But that’s exactly what candy is.

Candy is chemistry, transforming matter from one state to another.

Most candy starts out as sugar, AKA sucrose. Sucrose is a molecule made up of 12 atoms of carbon, 22 atoms of hydrogen, and 11 atoms of oxygen. When you add water to sugar, the sugar crystals dissolve and the sugar becomes a solution. When you make a batch of candy, you melt water, sugar and other ingredients at high temperatures.

There are different stages at which candy starts to form. The soft-ball stage means that when the sugar syrup is dropped into cold water, it will form a soft flexible ball. Soft-ball stage makes candies such as fudge, fondant and pralines.

The “firm-ball stage” occurs when candy is heated to a temperature between 245 and 250 degrees Fahrenheit. When you drop a little syrup in cold water, it will form a firm-ball. The most popular “firm-ball stage” candy is caramel.

The “hard-ball stage is reached between 250 to 265 degrees Fahrenheit. At this point there is little water and a high concentration of sugar in the syrup. When the syrup is dropped into water it will form a hard ball. This candy includes many favorites, such as gummies, taffies, and rock candy.

In addition there is soft-crack and hart-crack stages. These are the hardest of candies; which include toffee, lollipops and hard candies.

Whatever the stage, candy is good. And you can bet you may never think of it in the same way again.

Looking for fun, creative, and inexpensive ways to entertain your children? Science experiments just may do the trick. Science experiments come in all shapes and sizes. Best of all, they can be created with simple, every day items found in your home.

Let’s take a look at some of the more popular topics and projects you can do with your kids.

Magnetic Attraction: All magnets have two poles (North and South). If you put the poles of two magnets together they will either push apart or pull together. Take an item that is made of metal or steel, a paper clip for example. As you hold it close to the magnet, you will feel the magnet pulling on the paper clip with an invisible force. This is called magnetism. Conducting experiments with magnets will help you understand more about the way magnetism works.

Gravity: There is an invisible force that we are all affected by. It is the force of gravity. When you lift something up, you have to lift against gravity. If you drop a ball, for instance, gravity pulls it to the Earth. Take a pencil and place it on your index finger. If it is placed perfectly in the center, gravity will pull down equally on both side and it will balance in the air. However if the pencil is set off balance, it will fall to one side or the other.

Human Senses: A good observer uses all five senses. Observing your surroundings is an important skill that helps you to be a successful scientist. Children are naturally curious about the world and their surroundings. Try having them close their eyes and placing their hand into a bowl of something like cold spaghetti noodles. Have them describe what they feel. There are many simple activities that you can do to explore your senses.

In addition to having fun, you can help teach your children and answer many of the questions that they may ask throughout their day. Science experiments foster an atmosphere of excitement and learning, and as parents don’t we all want to encourage more of that?

Alfred Nobel, a chemist, engineer, and inventor, established the awards in 1859. In 1901 prizes in Literature, Peace, Chemistry Physics and Medicine were first awarded.

The process in which recipients are chosen is intricate and lengthy.

Nominations are sent by the Nobel Committee to about 3000 individuals. These are mostly individuals who are working in a field relevant to the five areas of prizes. Through a tedious process, the nominees are narrowed down to about 300.

The selection committee then narrows the list even further and submits a list of preliminary candidates to the prize-awarding institutions. At that point, the institutions meet to choose the winner or winners in each field by a majority vote.

The recipient is then announced and is awarded a sum of money, a diploma, and a gold medal.

The entire selection process takes over one year to complete.

Since the beginning of the awards, only four people have been known to receive two Nobel Prizes.

Maria Sklodwaska-Curie was the first to receive two Prizes.

She first won the award in Physics in 1903 for her discovery of radioactivity.  Later, in 1911, she received the award in Chemistry for her segregation of pure radium.

John Bardeen was the two-time winner of the Noble Prize in Physics. His first win came in 1956 for his invention of a transistor, and the second in 1972 for his “theory of superconductivity.”

In 1958, Frederick Sanger received the first of his Nobel Prizes in Chemistry for “determining the structure of the insulin molecule.” Later in 1980 his recognition was for the invention of how to determine base sequences in DNA.

Linus Pauling was among this elite group of individuals. In 1954, Pauling received the Chemistry Award for his research on the chemical bond. He again won in 1962 for his anti-nuclear activism, where he received the Peace Prize. The achievement of this second award made him the only winner of two unshared prizes.

What a “Nobel Honor” honor it is to have your name and accomplishments recognized by group of colleagues and peers.

Exciting, right? Right! Until you wake up the next morning, that is and you’re sick. Sicker than you’ve ever been. Sicker than you can imagine anyone in this world ever being. It’s painful and nauseating just to lift your weary little head up off the pillow. You muster up all the courage and strength you have to wander to the kitchen for something to take the edge off. How could you possibly feel so terrible? Maybe a piece of toast will do? Maybe a glass of water will help? Wrong. And wrong again! Morning sickness has set in and there is absolutely nothing that will make it go away.

That is, until now. In recent years, doctors have been using different techniques in helping mothers to be, through this pain staking process referred to as the first trimester.

Research has shown that taking increased doses of vitamin B6 has been effective in helping women who suffer from morning sickness. Vitamin B6 can be found at your nearest pharmacy. There are many companies who have started to incorporate doses of B6 into their products to help sufferers of morning sickness. There is an herbal remedy called Morning Sickness Magic. It is a mix containing Vitamin B6, Folic Acid, Ginger and Red Raspberry leaf. Another product is called B-Natal TheraPops. They are lollipops, which have been said to help alleviate the symptoms of morning sickness.

Whatever you choose, know that there is help. And in today’s world, there is no reason you can’t enjoy this exciting news.

Vitamin D may not be the first vitamin that comes to mind when thinking of what you should be supplementing with daily.
Vitamin C, vitamin B, and Foliate seem to top the list whenever anyone is asked about their vitamin consumption.

Where does Vitamin D come from? The main source of vitamin D is the sun. It is said that only ten minutes of exposure to the sun each day is enough to prevent deficiencies. You can also find vitamin D in eggs, fish, fortified milk, and (drum-roll please) cod liver oil.

Why not then? Let’s talk about vitamin D.

Vitamin D is causing quite a stir in the world of Medicine. Many studies are being done showing the amazing effects that this vitamin is having.

Vitamin D is successfully linked to treatment of Psoriasis, Osteomalacia (adult rickets), muscle weakness and pain, Osteoporosis, and Seizures. Current studies are being conducted to see how effective vitamin D may be in preventing certain types of Cancers, Diabetes, Hypertension (high blood pressure), Multiple sclerosis, and Schizophrenia.

One recent study linked vitamin D to being more successful at reducing the risk of the flu virus than either antiviral drugs or vaccines.

354 children between six and 15 years of age were used to conduct the study. Half were given a placebo pill and the others were given a daily vitamin D supplement. The study took place over a two-month period of time. The final analysis had shown that those who received the vitamin D supplements had a reduced risk of the influenza infection by 67 percent. Now that’s significant!

Vitamin D is an essential nutrient for our bodies. It cannot cause negative side effects the way drugs and vaccinations may.
Lastly, by increasing your intake of vitamin D, you will have a better-regulated immune system, stronger bones, healthier teeth, a lower risk of infection and autoimmune disorders.

Vitamin D is definitely worth discovering.

In the quest for a vibrant, healthy life, it is said that prevention is the best medicine. Doing regular exercise, eating a well balanced diet, and getting enough sleep should be enough to have you feeling well.

So, what if that just isn’t enough. Despite all your hard work, you’re still not feeling like a million bucks. You still feel a little run down, a little achy, and a little out of whack. Lucky for us, wellness is all around. In ever city throughout the country wellness centers are alive and well, practicing different forms of natural medicine. Many individuals have turned to these specialists in an attempt to create a better balance life for themselves and their loved ones.

If you were to stop by one of these centers, this is just some of what you may find.

Acupuncture Specialist: It is believed that acupuncture originated in China more than 5000 years ago. Energy (Qi or chi) flows through twelve energy pathways (meridians) through specific organs and tissues in the body. The concept of acupuncture believes that disease begins in troublesome areas of the body where there is inadequate energy flow. Through the insertions of needles, acupuncture is believed to enhance energy flow, in-turn healing the problem areas.

Chiropractor: Chiropractic works by correcting the vertebra of the spinal column and the musculoskeletal system. In fact, a recent study documented thousands of individuals with acute back pain. They were said to have a greater duration of healing and wellness than through their prior attempts with mainstream medicine.

Massage Therapy: There are many different types of massage therapy, however many of the benefits are the same. Massage improves bodily functions and mobility, increases blood flow through tissue, improves organ function, calms the nervous system by muscle contraction, and slows and reverses aging. Not to mention, it just makes you feel good!

In your quest to be happy, healthy, and well, give a wellness center a try. It seems their program have much to offer each of us. It could do a little more good.

Pauling, who died in 1994 at the age of 93, was an incredible man. He, amazingly, won two Nobel prizes in his life, one of which in chemistry, and the other the Peace prize. Growing up, Linus Pauling was not a rich man, by any means. He scraped and saved for college, working odd jobs as he went. Eventually, he got a position in the college itself, teaching quantitative analysis. Later in his life, he went on to teach other classes, at different colleges, such as theoretical chemistry at Caltech.

Pauling was against the development of nuclear weapons, but did work for the government for a time. During his time working for the government on military projects, he did things such as help make a submarine oxygen meter, and even came up with and patented an armor piercing shell. For his work with the military, Pauling was awarded the Presidential Medal of Merit. Becoming a political activist, Linus Pauling had some troubles. At one point, he was not allowed to get a passport due to his political activism.

Today Linus Pauling is known not only for his vitamin C push, but also for the great works that he accomplished in his life. Whether in molecular medicine, biological molecules, or world peace, the name Linus Pauling brings with it a feeling of achievement.

However, ask yourself this. Was there ever anything ordinary about baking? Baking ordinary no, baking is science!

Think about it. You are taking simple measurements of simple ingredients and creating something that is complex and entirely unique. Flour, sugar, butter, baking soda, salt, eggs, a little chocolate and viola Chocolate Chip Cookies! Is there anything better?

So how does this work, this science?

Flour is the dry base of most baked goods. It is like the foundation to the recipe. Flour contains gluten and when it is stretched, it forms air bubbles to set up the foundation.

Sugar has many different uses. In addition to sweetening the dough, sugar holds moisture into the finished product and contributes to the cake, cookies, or pies browning.

Next comes fat; butter, oil, shortening. They are all forms of fat. The fat coats the gluten molecules so that the bubbles won’t pop. This in-turn makes a finished product soft and tender.

Eggs, baking soda, and baking powder are all forms of leavening agents. Leavening agents expand the batter or dough by forming carbon dioxide (CO2) bubbles. These bubbles expand with heat. This is what makes the product rise. If you use too little leavening agent, it will result in a very heavy, damp bread or cake. However, if you use too much leavening, all the bubbles will pop, and create a flat cake. That’s why baking is an exact science.

So get into the kitchen, strap on your lab coat (aka apron) and get to work creating some new highly volatile experiment. Hopefully it’s the Chocolate Malt and Fudge Layer Trifle that’s been on the radar in the recent installment of the Baking Buddies Blog.

In the United States, poor eating habits have become an excepted way of life. There are many diseases that are linked directly to a poor diet, including; cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers.

Everyone seems to be looking for a magic pill to make these issues go away. But alas, there is no magic pill.

The closest you may get to a magic pill is a multi-vitamin. And truly, a multi-vitamin is not going to make all of your health problems disappear.

Vitamins should be thought of as an insurance policy to good health?

What does insurance have to do with vitamins you ask? Insurance is a product designed to reduce your risk of loss from situations out of your control.

So if you are eating healthy and ordinarily active to begin with, then vitamins may be a good back-up plan. However, if you spend the majority of your day in front of the television or computer, snacking on chips and cookies, then vitamins may not be the solutions you’re looking for. Vitamins are not a replacement for eating a healthy diet.

It’s only by eating a balanced amount of grains, fruit, vegetables, protein, dairy and fat that you can ensure consuming the proper amount of vitamins and nutrients daily.

So how would one go about this?

Start with breakfast. Eat a slice of whole grain toast, one cup of low fat yogurt, and a banana. There you have it, the breakfast of champions! Carry that philosophy throughout your day. Snack on some grapes or a string cheese mid morning. Eat a Turkey sandwich with all the veggie trimmings you can dream of, coupled with a side salad spritzed in fat free Italian vinaigrette. Carrots and almonds work well for afternoon snacks. Then finish your night off with a grilled chicken breast and vegetables, a fruit salad, and a pudding parfait. Success!

In the real world, people don’t always eat as healthy as they should. They don’t always get all the vitamins they need. But when they’re trying, that’s when vitamins would be a good insurance policy.

Linus Pauling had worked for most of his academic life in chemistry, mathematics, and quantum chemistry field he had helped to create. But by the 1930s he was looking for other areas of study in which he could apply theories of quantum mechanics. After studying the work of Warren Weaver, funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, Pauling saw an opportunity to expand his study to the field of biology.

Pauling first started into the field of biology by exploring the structure of hemoglobin, the protein that makes up red blood cells in the human body. Using his knowledge and experience in the fields of chemistry and quantum mechanics, Pauling demonstrated that hemoglobin changes its structure when it encounters an oxygen atom, either gaining or losing the atom.

After his first success with hemoglobin, Pauling started to explore other proteins, using the x-ray diffraction method he had pioneered at the beginning of his career when studying the structure of crystals. However, the proteins proved a little less hearty than the crystals he was used to working with. Nevertheless, Pauling found excellent x-rays of proteins by crystalloghrapher Willian Astbury. These photos helped spur Pauling down a road that would eventually lead him to the finding that hemoglobin proteins wer put together in a helical pattern. Not only that, but he found that his study of hemoglobin applied to just about all other proteins.

Based on his studies of the helical nature of proteins, in 1951, Pauling and a handful of other scientists proposed through rigorous study that protein secondary structure was an alpha helix and beta sheet. Success in being the first one to discover the structure of proteins, encouraged Pauling to examine DNA. Pauling proposed that DNA was a triple helix in structure. He was proven wrong, based on some faulty assumptions. However, his proposals, spurred Watson and Crick to reevaluate their model of DNA and eventually come up with the correct structure: a double helix.

Although Pauling is generally known for his contributions to chemistry and physics, his brief dance with biology yielded significant results for the scientific community as well.

Looking at the building blocks of our universe, Pauling saw structures and shapes as few have. Observing protons and electrons sharing space and clinging brightly together like Roberto Coin jewelry, Pauling was able to develop his concept of electronegativity.

While Pauling did work for the United States government that had military applications, even winning a Presidential Medal of Merit, he found himself becoming more actively involved in programs for nuclear disarmament and peace. Pioneering research and presentation of alarming findings of that research by Pauling and other scientists led to a moratorium on above-ground nuclear testing. Soon thereafter John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev, in 1963, signed the Partial Test Ban Treaty.

But his activism also brought some unwanted attention. Many of his critics or those who disagreed with his politics, felt he was being manipulated and used by the Communist party. At one point he was called before the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee and on several occasions had his passport revoked.

He became extremely interested in the possibilities of high doses of Vitamin C as a way of preventing colds and even as a treatment for cancer. Later clinical trials conducted at the Mayo Clinic refuted these findings.

Linus Pauling is only one of four people who have ever won more than one Nobel prize, and the only person to even be awarded two unshared Nobel prizes. Interestingly, both of Pauling’s Nobel prizes were awarded in different areas, the Nobel Chemistry Prize and the Nobel Peace Prize.

Pauling was awarded these prizes at different times in his life and for different reasons, but both stemmed from his extraordinary genius. From a young age, little Linus was an avid reader and was constantly hungry for more knowledge. He took an especial liking to the sciences, and to chemistry in particular, from a very young age and continued his fascination with molecules and atoms into college when he attended Oregon State University from 1917-1922. Not only did he earn a degree in chemical engineering, but he also gained a wife, Ava Helen Miller, with whom he went on to have four children.

After college, Pauling traveled the world, on a Guggenheim Fellowship, studying under a number of professors working in the new field of quantum mechanics. The men he studied under, like Pauling himself, went on to earn national and global recognition for their work: Arnold Summerfield, Niels Bohr, and Erwin Schrodinger. These studies spurred Pauling to think about the ways in which quantum mechanics applied to his own field of expertise chemistry. As a result, Pauling practically invented the field of quantum chemistry, exploring the ways that quantum theory applied to the structure of molecules.

He taught at Caltech for most of his career, publishing numerous papers on the areas of his expertise and outlining five rules that went on to be know in academic circles as Pauling’s Rules. While at Caltech he struck up a friendship with Robert Oppenheimer, although that friendship soured once Oppenheimer hit on Pauling’s wife.

In his later years, he joined the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, headed by Albert Einstein, himself. And worked toward educating the world on the dangers of nuclear weapons. Pauling died of prostate in 1994, in California, he was 93 years old.

After the new remedy worked, Pauling became interested in the way that enzymes in the body and vitamins play a role in the health of the body and mind. In fact, in a lecture given in 1951, titled, Molecular Medicine, Pauling theorized that some forms of mental illness might actually be caused by a dysfunction of enzymes in the brain. He went on to study the ways in which vitamins can play a role in the health and well being of the body and founded a movement in the 1970s dubbed, orthomolecular medicine. This new field attempted to study human health and sickness by varying the amount and concentration of substances that are normally found in the body. Although the high-vitamin regimen worked to keep Pauling’s renal disease under control, this type of medicine didn’t have predictable effects on other diseases and has been widely criticized by the medical field in general.

Undeterred by critics, Pauling became increasingly focused on vitamin C as a way to prevent and cure colds as well as other, more serious diseases. Pauling, himself, began taking 3 grams of vitamin C every day to prevent disease and published Vitamin C and the Common Cold in 1970. He also began working with a top British cancer specialist to explore the benefits of vitamin C on terminal cancer patients. In studies, he claimed that intake of vitamin C increased cancer patient survival by as much as four times. However, the medical community found his studies unreliable. Although embraced by the public, many of Pauling’s ideas on vitamins never gained much respect in the medical community.

From humble beginnings, Linus Pauling grew to be one of the most influential and most interesting scientists not only of the 20th century, but in the modern history of science. Although Pauling died of prostate cancer in 1994, his presence is still felt in the scientific community. In fact, New Scientist magazine named Pauling one of the 20 greatest scientists of all time; Albert Einstein was the only other 20th century scientist on the list.

Part of Pauling’s legacy is that he was not just successful in one field of science; he was responsible for large advances and great contributions in a number of different fields and disciplines. His early life was dedicated to chemistry and physics, founding the field of quantum chemistry. From his early studies, he went on to work in protein structure, molecular biology, medicine, organic and inorganic chemistry and more. Some of his major accomplishments include the ideas and theories behind orbital hybridization and electronegativity as well as his work on valence bond theory. His early study of the molecular structures of crystals has significantly impacted further studies on the complex structures of other minerals and compounds. In addition, his discovery of the alpha helix pattern as the structure of protein is still influential in the field of protein studies and is a founding principle that can be found in biology textbooks today. In the field of molecular biology, he was also able to diagnose sickle cell anemia as a molecular disease, which has clarified the nature of the disease for researchers and allowed for further study of the possibility of other molecularly mutative acquired diseases.

Not only does the Pauling Institute (which continues his research) carry his name, but there are also a number of buildings, schools, lecture halls, scientific facilities, and streets that carry his name in honor of his great influence on modern science. Interestingly, Pauling was also honored in the form of a US stamp in 2008.

All that and two Nobel prizes to boot. Linus Pauling has left as indelible mark on the scientific community and the world at large.

First of all, Pauling founded the field of quantum chemistry, a branch of theoretical chemistry. Quantum chemistry straddles the fields of chemistry and physics and works at understanding the electronic behavior of molecules and the way that they react with each other in regard to electricity.

Pauling is also responsible for Pauling’s rules: a set of five rules determining the structures of complex ionic crystals. These rules cover what Pauling found to be true of all crystals, regarding size, structure, strength, stability, and parsimony.

This renowned scientists also developed a concept of the hybridization of atomic orbitals mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals, helping to explain atomic bonding principles. This hybridization model has been extremely useful in uncovering and explaining the shapes of molecular orbitals.

In addition to his theories so far, he also developed the idea of electronegativity in 1932. Electronegativity is a way to describe the ability of a given atom to attract electrons to itself. In order to explain this concept, Pauling created a scale that gives a dimensionless quantity to individual molecules, anywhere from 7.0 to 3.98. When measuring molecular units this way, the units are called Pauling Units.

Pauling also spent many of his later years touting the wonders of vitamin C, writing two books on the subject and conducing a number of experiments on cancer patients and an increase of recovery rate among those who took regular doses of vitamin C. His evangelizing of the properties of vitamin C led to the public fascination with the vitamin, even though many scientists have called into question his findings.

In the end, Pauling won two Nobel prizes for his work, in chemistry and the Nobel Peace Prize, leaving behind him a rich scientific legacy that has influenced science and popular culture until today and beyond.

In 1930, Linus Pauling took a trip to Europe where he studied electron diffraction, similar to studies he had performed on x-ray diffraction earlier in his career. This trip motivated Pauling to study the subject further, and when he returned to Caltech he built an electron diffraction instrument which he used to study a wide range of chemical substances in order to understand their molecular structures better.

Through the electron diffraction instrument, Pauling was able to shoot electrons at a sample compound and observe the results that arose as the electrons interfered with the compound and displayed a diffraction pattern. This method uses a principle known as wave-particle duality, which states that molecules can be described by their behavior as waves

These studies led Pauling, in 1932, to create the concept of electronegativity. The concept of electronegativity is a way to describe the chemical properties of an atom in terms of the way an atom attracts electrons to itself. Pauling found that an atom’s electronegativity was influenced by its atomic weight (the ratio of an element’s atomic mass to 1/12 of the mass of another atom) and by the distance of its valence electrons from the center point of the atom, or the nucleus. The principle of electronegativity is that the more an element attracts electrons, the higher electronegativity number it will have.

However, electronegativity cannot simply be measured by counting electrons. Determining electronegativity can only be determined by calculations based on other molecular properties of an atom. There are a number of ways to calculate an atom’s electronegativity, but no matter how it’s calculated, the electronegativity trends are relatively consistent between all elements.

One of the most widely used methods of determining an element’s electronegativity is through the Pauling Scale. The Pauling Scale gives the element a dimensionless quality on a relative scale from 0.7 to 3.98. Calculations have shown that the same element may not have the same electronegativity in all situations and is influenced by its current chemical environment. The opposite of electronegativity is electropositivity, or the ability of an atom to lose, or give away, electrons.

Linus Pauling, although known primarily for his contributions to science through quantum chemistry, was also an advocate for world peace and spent much of his life fighting and petitioning against the use of nuclear weapons. For his work, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1954. And although he worked on numerous projects and was associated with a number of committees that worked for world peace throughout his lifetime, one of the most famous and prominent of these affiliations was with the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists.

Early in his career, Pauling had worked on a number of projects with military application, but had not had much direct contact with the US military, even though he earned a Presidential Medal of Merit for his work. At one point he was asked to join the Manhattan Project by Robert Oppenheimer colleague from his days at Caltech but turned the offer down, fearing an emotional strain on his family.

However, during WWII, Pauling witnessed the destructive power of the atomic bomb and was influenced by his wife to work against its use ever again. As a result, Pauling joined the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists.

The committee was formed in 1946 by Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard. Both Einstein and Szilard found the power of the atomic bomb horrific and founded the committee in order to educate people worldwide about the effects of nuclear weapons and encourage governments to pursue peaceful development of clean nuclear power. However, they knew convincing governments to give up nuclear weapons would be useless as long as armed conflict still existed. Therefore, the committee’s ultimate goal was world peace. In a world without war, no nuclear weapons would exist.

A number of prominent scientists were members of the committee, including those already mentioned as well as Harold Urey, T.R. Hogness, Philip Morse, and Victor Weisskop many of whom had worked directly on or served as consultants to the Manhattan Project.

Although Pauling did not achieve his goal of world peace through the project, his membership was key to the promotion and dissemination of its ideals.

Although Linus Pauling never officially graduated from High School, he entered Oregon State University (OSU) in 1917, when it was called the Oregon Agricultural College. At the age of 15, in 1916, Pauling had enough credits to graduate from high school, but he had not taken two required American history courses. He petitioned the principal to let me take the courses over the summer, but the principle denied his request. Concerned with other matters, Pauling never went back and took the courses, thus didn’t receive a high school diploma before entering college.

At OSU, Pauling found it hard to survive on the little money he had and did various odd jobs around campus while he took a full load of classes, including two courses in chemistry and two in mathematics his first semester. Pauling continued his studies, but was close to dropping out for financial reasons; however, by the end of his second year, he was offered a position teaching Quantitative Analysis, which paid more money than he was used to earning and allowed him to pay for his schooling.

Also, after his second year at OSU, he began looking at the work of Gilbert N. Lewis (who discovered the covalent bond and coined the term photon) and Irving Langmuir (a leading scientist in molecular theory). Because of their work, Pauling became increasingly interested in the way that molecules bonded together as well as the way that chemical and physical properties of a molecule are related to the atoms that make up the substance in the first place.

By his senior year, Pauling had all but dropped his courses in the humanities and had taken all the mathematics and physics classes that the college had to offer. After he graduated from OSU with a degree in chemical engineering, he was accepted into the graduate program at Caltech, where he specialized in studying the way x-rays diffracted off crystals and revealed their internal structure. In 1925 he received his PhD in physical chemistry and mathematical physics.

Pauling went on to tech at Caltech where he did some of his most important work.

Although Linus Pauling won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954, one of his more lasting impressions on the scientific community and on the world at large was his award of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962 for his work in stopping nuclear proliferation and testing.

Pauling had worked for years with members of the scientific community who were thought leaders in the fields of quantum mechanics, who then when on to participate in the Manhattan Project. For example, he worked very closely with Robert Oppenheimer many years before the Manhattan Project when they were both professors at Caltech. But when asked to join the Manhattan Project himself, he declined for family reasons.

But when he saw the destruction caused by the atomic bomb, he spent much of the rest of his life fighting its use. In 1946, he joined the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, headed by Albert Einstein himself, in order to educate and warn the public about the dangers of the atom bomb.

In 1958, Pauling joined the effort to prove the effects of nuclear testing were not just contained in the test area. The eventual findings of the study, in 1961, proved that children across North America had been ingesting radiation from cow’s milk. Many cows in the Western US had been eating contaminated grass resulting from the fallout of above-ground nuclear testing. As well, in 1958, Pauling presented the United Nations with a petition, signed by over 11,000 scientists who were all in support of an end to all nuclear weapons testing. These actions had a direct result on the Partial Test Ban Treaty signed by President Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev in 1963. For these and other contributions to ending conflict around the world, Pauling was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Although many in the scientific community did not agree with his political views (in fact, his own college, Caltech, did not formerly congratulate him on his Peace Prize), they did respect his scientific work and his drive to make the world a better and more peaceful place.

During the first part of his life, Linus Pauling was not an activist, nor was he political in any meaningful way. As a young student at the University of Oregon, Pauling studied chemistry and mathematics not exactly politically charged field but as he began to get deeper into his studies he discovered quantum mechanics and began to apply that discipline to chemistry, practically creating the field of quantum chemistry. And following this route led him down a path toward the atom bomb, for which he would fight for the rest of his life against after seeing its destructive power during World War II.

Pauling had worked with Robert Oppenheimer at Caltech, and although their friendship had a falling out, Oppenheimer later invited Pauling to join the Manhattan Project. Pauling turned down the offer at the time, because he was afraid of the effect moving his family would have at the time. But even before he was asked to join the Manhattan Project, Pauling worked on military contracts with war applications, such as explosives, rockets, armor piercing projectiles, and more. In fact, Pauling was awarded the Presidental Medal of Merit for his work on government projects.

However, Pauling’s wife was a pacifist, and after he saw how the atom bomb destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II, he was converted to his wife’s views and spent much of the rest of his life fighting against the use of the atomic bomb and atomic weapons testing.

In 1946, Pauling joined the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, chaired by Albert Einstein. The goal of this organization was to educate the public on the dangers of nuclear weapons proliferation. His efforts won him a Nobel Peace Prize, not only for his work to end the use and testing of nuclear weapons, but his general opposition to war as a means of solving international conflicts. Although Pauling had contributed to the wealth of knowledge that had created the atomic bomb, he knew the product of that knowledge had to be destroyed and never used again.

Ava was born on December 24th, 1903, and was raised in Beavercreek, Oregon. Her parents taught her liberal ideals and encouraged her to study and express her opinions. As a result, Ava was always interested in politics and was deeply concerned about human rights. She was extremely smart and was interested in science as well as humanities, leading her to enroll in Oregon State University in 1918.

It was at Oregon State University that she met Linus Pauling. In 1922, Pauling, as an undergraduate, was teaching a chemistry course for home economic majors. Ava attended the class, and they became romantically involved. Even though both of their mothers were opposed to the couple, Linus and Ava were married in June 1923.

Throughout her adult life, Ava fought for causes she believed in. During World War II, she was an active protestor against American Japanese interment camps. Her outrage over the creation of the camps prompted her to join the ACLU and fight for their abolition. She was also extremely active in women’s rights groups. After WWII, she joined the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), serving as the organization’s vice-president three times over the many years she was a member. Ava also helped organize a European Women’s Peace March.

Finally, Ava was instrumental in urging her husband to use his academic connections and prominence in the scientific field to campaign for worldwide nuclear disarmament. With her husband, she presented the UN with over 11,000 signatures from scientists across the globe urging them to ban atmospheric nuclear testing. Her work, with her husband’s, led directly to the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty between the US and the Soviet Union.